Abstract
The steam injection technology for aircraft engines is gaining rising importance because of the strong limitations imposed by the legislation for NOx reduction in airports. In order to investigate the impact of steam addition on combustion and NOx emissions, an integrated performance-CFD-chemical reactor network (CRN) methodology was developed. The CFD results showed steam addition reduced the high temperature size and the radical pool moved downstream. Then different post-processing techniques are employed and CRN is generated to predict NOx emissions. This network consists of 14 chemical reactor elements and the results were in close agreement with the ICAO databank. The established CRN model was then used for steam addition study and the results showed under air/steam mixture atmosphere, high steam content could push the NOx formation region to the post-flame zone and a large amount of the NOx emission could be reduced when the steam mass fraction is quite high.
Funding statement: Funding: This paper is supported by the National Science and Foundation of China (No. 51576166).
Acknowledgements
China Scholarship Council is gratefully acknowledged for the grant to R. Xue.
References
1. Marchionna NR, Diehl LA, Trout AM. The effect of water injection on nitric oxide emissions of a gas turbine combustor burning ASTM Jet-A fuel, NASA Technical Memorandum X-2958, 1973.Search in Google Scholar
2. Dryer FL. Water addition to practical combustion systems-concepts and applications, 16th Symposium on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, 1976.10.1016/S0082-0784(77)80332-9Search in Google Scholar
3. Miyauchi Y, Mori Y, Yamaguchi T. Effect of steam addition on NO formation, 18th Symposium on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, 1981.10.1016/S0082-0784(81)80009-4Search in Google Scholar
4. Touchton GL. Influence of gas turbine combustor design and operating parameters on effectiveness of NOx suppression by injected steam or water. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 1994;107:706–13.10.1115/84-JPGC-GT-3Search in Google Scholar
5. Krüger O, Terhaar S, Paschereit CO, Duwig C. Large eddy simulations of hydrogen oxidation at ultra-wet conditions in a model gas turbine combustor applying detailed chemistry. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 2013;135:021501–1–10.10.1115/GT2012-69446Search in Google Scholar
6. Kuehl D. Effects of water on burning velocity of hydrogen-air flames. ARSJ 1962;3:1724–6.Search in Google Scholar
7. Levy A. Effects of water on hydrogen flames. AIAA J 1963;1:1239–44.10.2514/3.54904Search in Google Scholar
8. Koroll GW, Mulpuru SR. The effect of dilution with steam on the burning velocity and structure of premixed hydrogen flames, 21st Symposium on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, 1988.10.1016/S0082-0784(88)80415-6Search in Google Scholar
9. Liu D, MacFarlane R. Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-air-steam flames. Combust Flame 1983;49:59–71.10.1016/0010-2180(83)90151-7Search in Google Scholar
10. Babkin V, V‘yun A. Effect of water vapor on the normal burning velocity of a methane-air mixture at high pressures. Combust Explo Shock 1971;7:339–41.10.1007/BF00742820Search in Google Scholar
11. Gurentsov EV, Divakov OG, Eremin AV. Ignition of multicomponent hydrocarbon/air mixtures behind shock waves. High Temp 2002;40:379–86.10.1023/A:1016012007493Search in Google Scholar
12. Hwang DJ, Choi JW, Park J, Keel SI, Ch CB. Numerical study on flame structure and NO formation in CH4–O2–N2 counter flow diffusion flame diluted with H2O. Int J Energy Res 2004;28:1255–67.10.1002/er.1028Search in Google Scholar
13. Mazas A, Fiorina B, Lacoste D, Schuller T. Effects of water vapor addition on the laminar burning velocity of oxygen-enriched methane flames. Combust Flame 2011;158:2428–40.10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.05.014Search in Google Scholar
14. Göke S, Füri M, Bourque G, Bobusch B, Göckeler K, Krüger O. Influence of steam dilution on the combustion of natural gas and hydrogen in premixed and rich-quench-lean combustors. Fuel Process Technol 2012;107:14–22.10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.06.019Search in Google Scholar
15. Daggett DL. Water misting and injection of commercial aircraft engines to reduce airport NOx, NASA Contractor Report No. 212957 Cleveland, 2004.10.2514/6.2004-4198Search in Google Scholar
16. Balepin V, Ossello C, Snyder C. NOx emission reduction through water injection in Commercial Jets, NASA Contractor Report No. 211978, 2002.Search in Google Scholar
17. Benini E, Pandolfo S, Zoppellari S. Reduction of NO emissions in a turbojet combustor by direct water/steam injection: numerical and experimental assessment. Appl Therm Eng 2009;29:3506–10.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.06.004Search in Google Scholar
18. Riesmeier E, Honnet S, Peters N. Flamelet modeling of pollutant formation in a gas turbine combustion chamber using detailed chemistry for a kerosene model fuel. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 2004;126:899–905.10.1115/ICEF2002-492Search in Google Scholar
19. Pitsch H, Chen M, Peters N. Unsteady flamelet modeling of turbulent hydrogen-air diffusion flames, 27th Symposium on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, 1998.10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80506-7Search in Google Scholar
20. Jiang LY, Campbell I. A critical evaluation of NOx modeling in a model combustor. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 2005;127:483–91.10.1115/GT2004-53641Search in Google Scholar
21. Gobbato P, Masi M, Toffolo A, Lazzaretto A, Tanzini G. Calculation of the flow field and NOx emissions of a gas turbine combustor by a coarse computational fluid dynamics model. Energy 2012;45:445–55.10.1016/j.energy.2011.12.013Search in Google Scholar
22. Falcitelli M, Pasini S, Rossi N, Tognotti L. CFD + reactor network analysis: an integrated methodology for the modeling and optimisation of industrial systems for energy saving and pollution reduction. Appl Therm Eng 2002;22:971–9.10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00014-5Search in Google Scholar
23. Mancini M, Schwöppe P, Weber R, Orsino S. On mathematical modeling of flameless combustion. Combust Flame 2007;150:54–9.10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.03.007Search in Google Scholar
24. Park J, Nguyen TH, Joung D, Huh KY, Lee MC. Prediction of NOx and CO emissions from an industrial lean-premixed gas turbine combustor using a chemical reactor network model. Energy Fuels 2013;27:1643–51.10.1021/ef301741tSearch in Google Scholar
25. Falcitelli M, Pasini S, Rossi N, Tognotti L. CFD reactor network analysis: an integrated methodology for the modeling and optimization of industrial systems for energy saving and pollution reduction. Appl Therm Eng 2002;22:971–9.10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00014-5Search in Google Scholar
26. Kunz O, Noll B, Lueckerath R. Computational Combustion Simulation for an Aircraft Model Combustor, AIAA paper2001.10.2514/6.2001-3706Search in Google Scholar
27. Cuoci A, Frassoldati A, Faravelli T. CFD Simulation of a Turbulent Oxy-Fuel Flame Processes and Technologies for Sustainable Energy, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
28. Warnatz J, Maas U Dibble RW. Combustion. Berlin: Springer, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
29. Crowe C, Sommerfield M, Tsuji Y. Multiphase flows with droplets and particles. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 1998.Search in Google Scholar
30. Andreini A, Facchini B. Gas turbines design and off-design performance analysis with emissions evaluation. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 2004;126:83–91.10.1115/GT2002-30258Search in Google Scholar
31. Pellett GL, Wilson LC, Northam GB, Guerra R.Effects of H2O, CO2, and N2 air contaminants on critical airside strain rates for extinction of hydrogen-air counterflow diffusion flames, NASA Contractor Report NO. 19900034881, 1989.Search in Google Scholar
32. Strelkova MI, Kirilov IA, Potapkin BV, Safonov AA, Sukhanov LP, Umanskiy SY. Detailed and reduced mechanism of jet a combustion at high temperatures. Combust Science Technol 2008;180:1788–802.10.1080/00102200802258379Search in Google Scholar
33. Luche J, Reuillon M, Boettner JC, Cathonnet M. Reduction of large detailed kinetic mechanism: application to kerosene/air combustion. Combust Sci Technol 2004;176:1935–63.10.1080/00102200490504571Search in Google Scholar
34. Sturgess GJ. Assessment of an abbreviated Jet-A/JP-5/JP-8 reaction mechanism for modeling gas turbine engine gaseous emissions AIAA Report No. 97–2709, 1997.10.2514/6.1997-2709Search in Google Scholar
35. Sturgess GJ, Shouse DT. A hybrid model for calculating lean blow-outs in practical combustors, AIAA Report No. 96–3125, 1996.10.2514/6.1996-3125Search in Google Scholar
36. Gordon S, McBride BJ. Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium and applications: Part I., NASA Report No. 1311, 1994.Search in Google Scholar
37. Dally BB, Masri AR, Barlow RS, Fiechtner GJ. Instantaneous and mean compositional structure of bluff-body stabilized nonpremixed flames. Combust Flame 1998;114:119–48.10.1016/S0010-2180(97)00280-0Search in Google Scholar
38. Nikolaou ZM, Chen J-Y, Swaminathan N. A 5-step reduced mechanism for combustion of CO/H2/H2O/CH4/CO2 mixtures with low hydrogen/methane and high H2O content. Combust Flame 2013;160:56–75.10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.09.010Search in Google Scholar
39. Gunston B. Jane’s Aero-Engines, 29th Edition, 1996.Search in Google Scholar
40. Palmer JR. The TURBOMATCH scheme for gas turbine. Cranfield University: Unpublished TURBOMATCH manual, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
41. Vassilios AP. Gas turbine performance simulation. Cranfield University: Unpublished lecture notes, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
42. International Civil Aviation Organization aircraft engine emissions databank.International Civil Aviation Organization Doc. 9646-AN/943, 1995.Search in Google Scholar
43. Bailey AG, Balachandran W, Williams TJ. The Rosin-Rammler size distribution for liquid droplet ensembles. J Aerosol Sci 1983;14:39–46.10.1016/0021-8502(83)90083-6Search in Google Scholar
44. Lefebvre AH. Gas turbine combustion. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1999.Search in Google Scholar
45. Sanders JPH, Chen JY, Gökalp I. Flamelet-based modeling of NO formation in turbulent hydrogen jet diffusion flames. Combust Flame 1997;111:1–15.10.1016/S0010-2180(97)00094-1Search in Google Scholar
46. Zedda M. Gas turbine combustor short course. Cranfield University: Unpublished lecture notes, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
©2016 by De Gruyter
