Abstract
In this study, polystyrene composites (PS–GOf) with variable concentration (0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; and 5 wt%) of GOf were obtained through the in-situ polymerisation of the styrene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide and graphene oxide(GO) functionalized with 3-(methacryloyloxy)-propyltrimethoxysilane(γ-MPTS). For determining the morphological and structural particularities of polymeric composites transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements were performed. The influence of functionalized GO on thermal and combustion properties of polystyrene (PS)-based composite materials was determined through several methods: Thermogravimetry (TGA); derived thermogravimetry (DTG); microscale combustion calorimetry analysis (MCC); and chemical kinetic studies through TGA and MCC determinations at similar heating rates.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, CCCDI - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0350/38PCCDI within PNCDI III.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Xu, Q., Jin, C., Griffin, G., Jiang, Y. Fire safety evaluation of expanded polystyrene foam by multi-scale methods. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2014, 115, 1651–1660; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3431-6.Search in Google Scholar
2. Fernandes, L., Gaspar, H., Bernardo, G. Inhibition of thermal degradation of polystyrene by C60 and PCBM: a comparative study. Polym. Test. 2014, 40, 63–69; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.08.010.Search in Google Scholar
3. Mikkola, E., Hakkarainen, T., Matala, A. Fire Safety of EPS in Residential Multi-Storey Buildings; Research Report VTT-R-04632-13, Finland, 2013.10.1051/matecconf/20130904002Search in Google Scholar
4. Simionescu, T. M., Minea, A. A. The effect of montmorillonite clay and fire retardants on the heat of combustion of recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2019, 18, 317–326.Search in Google Scholar
5. Lalu, O., AnghelI, Şerban, M., MocioiI, A., Branisteanu, B. Experimental researches on determining the fire action response of improved exterior cladding systems provided with incombustible barriers. Energy Procedia 2017, 112, 287–295; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1099.Search in Google Scholar
6. Sprânceană, A. C., Darie, M., Ciauşu, S., Tudorachi, N., Lisa, G. Comparative analysis of thermal stability of building insulation materials. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2017, 16, 2831–2842.10.30638/eemj.2017.292Search in Google Scholar
7. Mouritz, A. P., Gibson, A. G. Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials; Springer Science & Business Media: Dordrecht, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
8. McGrattan, K., Hostikka, S., McDermott, R., Floyd, J., Weinschenk, C., Overholt, K. Fire Dynamics Simulator User’s Guide, Vol. 1019(16); NIST special publication, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
9. McGrattan, K., Hostikka, S., McDermott, R., Floyd, J., Weinschenk, C., Overholt, K. Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 3: Validation, Vol. 1018-3(6); NIST Special Publication, 2020; p. 175.Search in Google Scholar
10. Bakar, A., Sharikin, A. Characterization of Fire Properties for Coupled Pyrolysis and Combustion Simulation and their Optimised Use. Ph.D. Thesis, VictoriaUniversity, Melbourne, 2015.Search in Google Scholar
11. Matala, A., Hostikka, S., Mangs, J. Estimation of pyrolysis model parameters for solid materials using thermogravimetric data. Fire Saf. Sci. 2008, 9, 1213–1223; https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.9-1213.Search in Google Scholar
12. Grause, G., Karakita, D., Ishibashi, J., Kameda, T., Bhaskar, T., Yoshioka, T. Impact of brominated flame retardants on the thermal degradation of high-impact polystyrene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2013, 98, 306–315; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.09.011.Search in Google Scholar
13. Lu, H., Wilkie, C. A. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and decabromodiphenyl oxide/Sb2O3 in improving the flame retardancy of polystyrene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2010, 95, 564–571; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.12.011.Search in Google Scholar
14. Hu, W., Zhan, J., Hong, N., Hull, T. R., Stec, A. A., Song, L., Wang, J., Hu, Y. Flame retardant polystyrene copolymers: preparation, thermal properties, and fire toxicities. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2014, 25, 631–637; https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3261.Search in Google Scholar
15. Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Peng, S., Pan, B., Lu, C., Liu, H., Ma, J., Niu, Q. Fire property and charring behavior of high impact polystyrene containing expandable graphite and microencapsulated red phosphorus. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2015, 121, 261–270; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.018.Search in Google Scholar
16. Zhou, K., Jiang, S., Bao, C., Song, L., Wang, B., Tang, G., Hu, Y., Gui, Z. Preparation of poly (vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2): structural characteristics and markedly enhanced properties. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 11695–11703; https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21719h.Search in Google Scholar
17. Majoni, S. Thermal and flammability study of polystyrene composites containing magnesium–aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl–C16 LDH), and an organophosphate. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2015, 120, 1435–1443; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4427-1.Search in Google Scholar
18. Xing, W., Wang, X., Song, L., Hu, Y. Enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy of polystyrene by incorporating titanium dioxide nanotubes via radical adsorption effect. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2016, 133, 15–22; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.07.013.Search in Google Scholar
19. Wang, J., Yuan, B., Cai, W., Qiu, S., Tai, Q., Yang, H., Hu, Y. Facile design of transition metal based organophosphorus hybrids towards the flame retardancy reinforcement and toxic effluent elimination of polystyrene. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2018, 214, 209–220; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.04.100.Search in Google Scholar
20. Han, Y., Wu, Y., Shen, M., Huang, X., Zhu, J., Zhang, X. Preparation and properties of polystyrene nanocomposites with graphite oxide and graphene as flame retardants. J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 4214–4222; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7234-8.Search in Google Scholar
21. Afzal, A., Kausar, A., Siddiq, M. Perspectives of polystyrene composite with fullerene, carbon black, graphene, and carbon nanotube: a review. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 2016, 55, 1988–2011; https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1185632.Search in Google Scholar
22. Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, G. H. B., Kohlhaas, K. M., Zimney, E. J., Stach, E. A., Piner, R. D., Nguyen, S. T., Ruoff, R. S. Graphene based composite materials. Nature 2006, 442, 282–286; https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04969.Search in Google Scholar
23. Tang, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y. J., Xiong, Q. Q., Tong, Y. Y., Li, Y., Tu, J. P. Porous reduced graphene oxide sheet wrapped silicon composite fabricated by steam etching for lithium-ion battery application. J. Power Sources 2015, 286, 431–437; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.185.Search in Google Scholar
24. Cotet, L. C., Baia, G. L., Danciu, V. Procedeu de obtinere prin exfoliere chimica a unor materiale pe baza de grafen (oxid de grafen si oxid de grafen redus) de suprafete foarte mari, proprietar: Universitatea Babes-Bolyai. Romanian Patent OSIM, 131216 B1, 2018.Search in Google Scholar
25. Cotet, L. C., Magyari, K., Todea, M., Dudescu, M. C., Danciu, V., Baia, L. Versatile self-assembled graphene oxide membranes obtained in ambient conditions by using a water-ethanol suspension. J. Mater. Chem. 2017, 5, 2132–2142; https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta08898h.Search in Google Scholar
26. Stroe, M., Cristea, M., Matei, E., Galatanu, A., Cotet, L. C., Pop, L. C., Baia, M., Danciu, V., Anghel, I., Baia, L., Baibarac, M. A. Optical properties of composites based on graphene oxide and polystyrene. Molecules 2020, 25, 2419; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102419.Search in Google Scholar
27. Dong, R., Liu, L. Preparation and properties of acrylic resin coating modified by functional graphene oxide. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2016, 368, 378–387; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.275.Search in Google Scholar
28. Standard Test Method for Determining Flammability Characteristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using Microscale Combustion Calorimetry, ASTM D7309, American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
29. Xu, Q., Jin, C., Jiang, Y. Compare the flammability of two extruded polystyrene foams with micro-scale combustion calorimeter and cone calorimeter tests. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2017, 127, 2359–2366; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5754-6.Search in Google Scholar
30. Walters, R. N., Safronava, N., Lyon, R. E. A microscale combustion calorimeter study of gas phase combustion of polymers. Combust. Flame 2015, 162, 855–863.10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.08.008Search in Google Scholar
31. Lyon, R. E., Speitel, L., Walters, R. N., Crowley, S. Fire-resistant elastomers. Fire Mater. 2003, 27, 195–208; https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.828.Search in Google Scholar
32. Cogen, J. M., Lin, T. S., Lyon, R. E. Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen-free flame retardant polyolefin compounds. Fire Mater. 2009, 33, 33–50; https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.980.Search in Google Scholar
33. Reinaldo, J. S., Pereira, L. M., Silva, E. S., Macedo, T. C. P., DamascenoI, Z., ItoE, N. Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of multicomponent blends based on acrylic and styrenic polymers. Polym. Test. 2020, 82, 106265; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106265.Search in Google Scholar
34. Peterson, J. D., VzazovkinS, Wight, C. A. Kinetic of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene, polyethylene and poly(propylene). Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2001, 202, 775–784; https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3935(20010301)202:6<775::aid-macp775>3.0.co;2-g.10.1002/1521-3935(20010301)202:6<775::AID-MACP775>3.0.CO;2-GSearch in Google Scholar
35. Yang, M., TsukameT, Saitoh, H., Shibasaki, Y. Investigation of the thermal degradation mechanisms of poly(styrene-co-methacrylonitrile)s by ash pyrolysis and TG-FTIR measurements. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2000, 67, 479–489; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(99)00148-2.Search in Google Scholar
36. Aguirresarobe, R. H., Irusta, L., Fernandez-Berridi, M. J. Application of TGA/FTIR to the study of the thermal degradation mechanism of silanized poly (ether-urethanes). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2012, 97, 1671–1679; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.019.Search in Google Scholar
37. Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials, ASTM Test method E698, Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1984.Search in Google Scholar
38. Standard Test Method for Decomposition Kinetics by Thermogravimetry Using the Ozawa/Flynn/Wall Method, ASTM Test method E1641, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2016.Search in Google Scholar
39. Jiao, L., Xu, G., Wang, Q., Xu, Q., Sun, J. Kinetics and volatile products of thermal degradation of building insulation materials. Thermochim. Acta 2012, 547, 120–125; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2012.07.020.Search in Google Scholar
40. Cheng, J., Pan, Y., Yao, J., Wang, X., Pan, F., Jiang, J. Mechanisms and kinetics studies on the thermal decomposition of micron poly (methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind. 2016, 40, 139–146; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.12.017.Search in Google Scholar
41. Lyon, R. E., Walters, R. N., Stoliarov, S. I., Safronava, N. Principles and Practice of Microscale Combustion Calorimetry; Federal Aviation Administration: Atlantic City International Airport, NJ, USA, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
42. Safronava, N., Lyon, R. E. A simple method for obtaining first-order kinetic parameters from thermal analysis data. In 38th Meeting of the North American Thermal Analysis Society (NATAS): Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 15–18, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2021-0071).
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston