Title: Elasticity modulus, shrinkage, and creep of high-strength concrete as adopted by AASHTO
Date: Summer, 2009
Volume: 54
Issue: 3
Page number: 44-63
Author(s): Nabil Al-Omaishi, Maher K. Tadros, Stephen J. Seguirant
https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.06012009.44.63

Click here to access the full journal article

Abstract

The use of high-strength concrete (HSC) for pretensioned concrete bridge girders has become common - place among state highway agencies because of its economic and durability benefits. This paper summarizes part of the research work performed under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project 18-07, Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders, which is fully documented in NCHRP report no. 496. The researchers were assigned the task of extending the American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials’ (AASHTO’s) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications provisions for estimating prestress losses to cover concrete strengths up to 15 ksi (104 MPa). This paper summarizes the portion of that work onconcrete properties that have an impact on design for long-term effects: modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, and creep. These research findings were adopted into the 2005 and 2006 interim provisions of the AASHTO LRFD specifications. The experimental component of the research includes testing of specimens produced from raw materials and mixture proportions provided by four participating states (Nebraska, New Hampshire, Texas, and Washington) to encompass the regional diversity of materials throughout the country. The theoretical component of the research addresses the background of prior prediction formulas and the development of the new formulas that have now been adopted.

References

1. Seguirant, S. J. 1998. New Deep WSDOT Standard Sections Extend Spans of Prestressed Concrete Girders. PCI Journal, V. 43, No. 4 (July–August): pp. 92–119.

2. Stallings, J. M., R. W. Barnes, and S. Eskildsen. 2003. Camber and Prestress Losses in Alabama HPC Bridge Girders. PCI Journal, V. 48, No. 5 (September– October): pp. 90–104.

3. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.

4. Tadros, M. K., N. Al-Omaishi, S. Seguirant, and J. Gallt. 2003. Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High- Strength Concrete Bridge Girders. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)  report no. 496. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences.

5. American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 209. 1992. Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in Concrete Structures. Detroit, MI: ACI.

6. ACI Committee 318. 1999. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-99) and Commentary (ACI 318R-99). Detroit, MI: ACI.

7. ACI Committee 363. 1992. State of the Art  Report on High-Strength Concrete. Detroit, MI: ACI.

8. Carrasquillo, R. L., A. H. Nilson, and F. O. Slate. 1981. Properties of High Strength Concrete Subject to Short-Term Loads. ACI Journal, V. 78, No. 3 (May–June): pp. 171–178.

9. Russell, H. G. 2002. Personal communication.

10. Shideler, J. J. 1957. Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete for Structural Use. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, V. 29, No. 4 (October): pp.  299–328.

11. Myers, J. J., and R. L. Carrasquillo. 1999. The Production and Quality Control of High Performance Concrete in Texas Bridge Structures. Preliminary report no. 580-589-1, Center for Transportation  Research, Austin, TX.

12. ASTM C192/C192M. 1992. Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.

13. ASTM C39. 2001. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.

14. ASTM C469-94. 1994. Standard Test  Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.

15. ASTM C157. 2001. Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic Cement Mortar and Concrete. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.

16. ASTM C 512. 2003. Standard Test  Method for Creep of Concrete in Compression. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.

17. ASTM C1231/C1231M. 2001. Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete Cylinders. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM  International.

18. AASHTO. 2005. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications: 2005 Interim Revisions. Washington, DC: AASHTO.

19. AASHTO. 2006. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications: 2006 Interim Revisions. Washington, DC: AASHTO.

20. AASHTO. 2007. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. 4th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO. 

21. PCI Bridge Design Manual Steering Committee. 1997. Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Manual. 1st ed. Chicago, IL: PCI. 

22. Al-Omaishi, N. 2001. Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders. PhD diss., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.

23. Federal  Highway Administration (FHWA). 2002. Compilation and Evaluation of Results from High Performance Concrete Bridge Projects. Contract No. DTFH61-00-C-00009. Washington, DC:  FHWA.