Title: Corrosion of Prestressing Steels and Its Mitigation
Date: September-October, 1992
Volume: 37
Issue: 5
Page number: 34-55
Author(s): Walter Podolny, Jr
https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09011992.34.55
Click here to access the full journal article
Abstract
In the last decade, there has evolved an increasing awareness and understanding of environmental effects and their potential for long term degradation of the structures we build. Today, there is a better understanding of such phenomena as carbonation of concrete and the ingress of chloride ions even in crack-free concrete. As a result of these factors and recent evidence of severe corrosion damage, in many countries an increasing concern has arisen among engineers regarding possible corrosion damage to prestressing tendons and long-term service life. This paper discusses the magnitude of the problem, the corrosion mechanism and various types of corrosion. It also presents examples of corrosion damage and identifies those methodologies that have either been used or could potentially be used to provide increased corrosion protection of prestressing steels.
References
1. Woodward, R. J., and Williams, F. W., "Collapse of Ynys-y-Gwas Bridge, West Glamorgan," Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part I, V. 84, August 1988, pp. 635-669.
2. Moore, D. G., Klodt, D. T., and Hensen, R. J., "NCHRP Report 90: Protection of Steel in Prestressed Concrete Bridges," Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1970, 86 pp.
3. Szilard, R., "Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Tendons in Prestressed Concrete Bridges," ACI Journal, V. 66, No. 1, January 1969, pp. 42-59.
4. Szilard, R., "Survey on Durability of Prestressed Concrete Structures in the United States, Canada, and Pacific andFar Eastern Countries," PCI JOURNAL, V. 14, No. 5, October 1969, pp. 62-73.
5. Schupack, M., "A Survey of the Durability Performance of Post-Tensioning Tendons," ACI Journal, V. 75, No. 10, October 1978, pp. 501-510.
6. Schupack, M., and Suarez, M. G., "Some Recent Corrosion Embrittlemen! Failures of Prestressing Systems in the United States," PCI JOURNAL, V. 27, No. 2, March-April 1982, pp. 38-55.
7. Peterson, C. A., "Survey of Parking Structure Deterioration and Distress," Concrete International, V. I, No. 3, March 1980, pp. 53-61.
8. Perenchio, W. F., Fraczek, J., and Pfeifer, D. W., "NCHRP Report 313: Corrosion Protection of Prestressing Systems in Concrete Bridges," Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., February 1989, 25 pp.
9. Nurnberger, U., "Analyse und Auswertung von Schadensfallen an Spannstahlen" (Analysis and Evaluation of Damage to Prestressing Steels). Forschungs bericht aus dem Forschungs programm des Bundesministers fiir Verkehr und der Forschungsgesellschaft fiir das Strassenwesen e.V., Heft 308, 1980, Bundesminister fiir Verkehr, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, 195 pp.
10. FIP State-of-the-Art Report: "Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Prestressed Ground Anchorages," Federation Internationale de Ia Precontrainte, London, 1986, 28 pp.
11. FIP State-of-the-Art Report: "Corrosion Protection of Prestressing Steels," Draft Report, Federation Internationale de Ia Precontrainte, London.
12. Uhlig, H. H. (Editor), Corrosion Handbook, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1948.
13. Wranglen, G., An Introduction to Corrosion and Protection of Metals, Institute fiir Metallskydd, Stockholm 26, in German, Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, 1985.
14. Brown, R. P., and Fitzgerald, J. H., "A Practical Approach to Counteracting Corrosion of Bridge Structures," Public Works , V. 102. No. 11, November 1971, pp. 63-66.
15. Novokshchenov, V., "Salt Penetration and Corrosion in Prestressed Concrete Members," Report No. FHWA-RD- 88-269, Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration , Washington, D.C., November 1988, p. 212.
16. Monfore, G. E., and Verbeck, G. J., "Corrosion of Prestressed Wire in Concrete," ACI Journal, V. 57, No.5, November 1960, pp. 491-515.
17. Snow, W., "Pronounced Reinforcement Corrosion Due to Sea Water or Electrolysis," Engineering News Record, V. 87, No. 13, September 29,1921, pp. 528-529.
18. Schrier, L. L., Corrosion, Newnes Butterworths, London, 1976.
19. "The Influence of Stray Electrical Currents on the Durability of Prestressed Concrete Structures," Technical Report No. 6 on Prestressing Steels, Federation Internationale de Ia Precontrainte,London, 1980.
20. Rimboeuf, M., and Salzmann, Ch., "Bridge Over the River Azergues," IABSE Congress, Vienna, 1980, pp. 27-31.
21. Woodward, R. 1., and Wilson, D. L. S., "Deformation of Segmental PostTensioned Precast Bridges as a Result of Corrosion of the Tendons," Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part I, V. 90, April 1991, pp. 397-419.
22. Oertle, J., Thurlirnann, B., and Esslinger, V., "Versuche zur Reiberm Udung einbetonierter Spannkabel," Institute filr Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH, ZUrich, Bericht Nr. 8101-2, October 1987, 74 p.
23. Oertle, J., " Reiberm Udung einbetonierter Spannkabel," Institute filr Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH, ZUrich, Bericht Nr. 166, September 1988, 213 pp.
24. Podolny, W., Jr., "Corrosion Protection of Prestressing Steels," V. 2, FIPXlth International Congress on Prestressed Concrete, Hamburg, June 4-9, 1990, pp. T57-T61.
25. FIP Guide to Good Practice: "Grouting of Tendons in Prestressed Concrete," Federation Intemationale de Ia Precontrainte, Thomas Telford Ltd. , London, 1990, 10 pp.
26. PCI Committee on Post-Tensioning, "Recommended Practice for Grouting of Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete," PCI JOURNAL, V. 17, No. 6, November-December 1972, pp. 18-25.
27. Post-Tensioning Manual, 4th Edition, 1985, Post-Tensioning Institute, September-October 1992 Phoenix, Arizona, 406 pp.
28. Schupack, M., "Protecting Post-Tensioning Tendons in Concrete Structures," Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 52, No. 12, December 1982, pp. 43-45.
29. "Scorpion II is a Modern and Powerful System of X-ray Radiography and Radioscopy for the Inspection of Reinforced or Prestressed Concrete Engineering Structures," Laboratoire Regional des Ponts-et-Chaussees de Blois, February 1986, 4 pp.
30. Mohr, P., "Inspection of Prestressed Concrete Structures," FIP Notes 92, Federation Internationale de la Precontrainte, London, June 1981, pp. 7-9.
31. Committee on Cable-Stayed Bridges, "Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing and Installation," Post Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, February 1990, 37 pp.
32. Chauvin, A., "Development in the Technology of Bridge Stays," Federation Internationale de Ia Precontrainte, Tenth International Congress, New Delhi, February 16-20, 1986, pp.53-59.
33. Buergi , P., "Recent Approaches to Corrosion Protection in Stay Cable Design," IABSE Symposium, Leningrad, SSR, September 11-14, 1991, pp. 331-336.
34. FIP Recommendations: "Corrosion Protection of Unbonded Tendons," Federation Internationale de Ia Precontrainte, 1986, 6 pp.
35. "Specifications for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons," Post-Tensioning Institute, Ad-Hoc Committee for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons, PCI JOURNAL, V. 30, No.2, MarchApril, 1985, pp. 22-39.
36. Schupack, M., "Unbonded Single Strand Post-Tensioning Tendon Details," Concrete Construction, V. 33, No. 7, July 1988, pp. 668-670.
37. ACI-ASCE Committee 423, "Tentative Recommendations for Concrete Members Prestressed With Unbonded Tendons," ACI Journal, V. 66, No. 2, February 1969, pp. 81-86.
38. Tanaka, Y., Kurauchi, M., Nagai, H., and Masuda, Y., "Evaluation of Corrosion Protection of Unbonded Tendons,"Post-Tensioning Institute, October 9, 1978, 35 pp.
39. Tanaka, Y. , Kurauchi, M., and Masuda, Y. , "Ten Year Marine Atmosphere Exposure Test of Unbonded Prestressed Concrete Prisms," PostTensioning Institute, May 1988, 21 pp.
40. The Architectural Institute of Japan, "Recommendation for the Prestressing Steels for Unbonded Systems," Journal of Architecture and Building Science, V. 94, No. 1153, July 1979.
41. Chabert, A., "French Specifications Concerning Protected Sheathed Strands," Proceedings, FIP Symposium Israel 88,Jerusalem, September 4-9, 1988, pp. 113-120. 42. Herbst, T. F., "Principles of Corrosion Protection for Soil and Rock Anchors," International Symposium on Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors," Post-Tensioning Institute, 1984, pp. CJ-C26.
43. Bruggeling, A. S. G., "FIP Commission on Prestressing Steels and Systems- Chairman's Report," Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the FIP, Stockholm, V.3, 1982, pp. 63-73.
44. Phoenix, S. L., Johnson, H. H., and McGuire, W., "Conditions of Steel Cable After Period of Service," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 112, No.6, June 1986, pp. 1263- 1279.
45. Dorsten, V., Hunt, F. F., and Preston, H. K., "Epoxy Coated Seven-Wire Strand for Prestressed Concrete," PCI JOURNAL, V. 29, No. 4, July-August 1984, pp. 120-129.
46. Chabert, A. , and Creton, B., "Protective Products for Prestressing Steels," International Symposium on Innovations in the Applications of Precasting and Prestressing, Singapore, November 27-29, 1990.
47. Swait, W. J., and Funahashi, M., "Corrosion Protection Systems for Bridge Stay Cables and Anchorages, Volume 1," Final Report, Report No. FHWARD- 91- 050, Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., May 1991, 163 pp.
48. "Process for Manufacturing Corrosion Resistance Cable," United States Patent No. 4,870,814, Date of Patent -October 3, 1989.
49. Heimann, R., "New Design for Long Life Parking Brake Cables," SAE Paper No. 880253, 1988, Society ofAutomotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 6 pp.
50. Dolan, C., "Developments in Non Metallic Prestressing Tendons," PCI JOURNAL, V. 35, No. 5, SeptemberOctober 1990, pp. 80-88.
51. Taerwe, L. R., Lambotte, H., and Miesseler, H.-J., "Loading Tests on Concrete Beams Prestressed With Glass Fiber Tendons," PCI JOURNAL,V. 37, No.4, July-August 1992, pp. 84-97.
52. Minosaku, K., "Using FRP Materials in Prestressed Concrete Structures," Concrete International, V. 14, No. 8, August 1992, pp. 41-44.