Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tribological and corrosion properties of Al–12Si produced by selective laser melting

  • Metal
  • Article
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effect of annealing on the tribological and corrosion properties of Al–12Si samples produced by selective laser melting (SLM) is evaluated via sliding and fretting wear tests and weight loss experiments and compared to the corresponding material processed by conventional casting. Sliding wear shows that the as-prepared SLM material has the least wear rate compared to the cast and heat-treated SLM samples with abrasive wear as the major wear mechanism along with oxidation. Similar trend has also been observed for the fretting wear experiments, where the as-prepared SLM sample displays the minimum wear loss. On the other hand, the acidic corrosion behavior of the as-prepared SLM material as well as of the cast samples is similar and the corrosion rate is accelerated by increasing the heat treatment temperature. This behavior is due to the microstructural changes induced by the heat treatment, where the continuous network of Si characterizing the as-prepared SLM sample transforms to isolated Si particles in the heat-treated SLM specimens. This shows that both the wear and corrosion behaviors are strongly associated with the change in microstructure of the SLM samples due to the heat-treatment process, where the size of the hard Si particles increases, and their density decreases with increasing annealing temperature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
FIG. 7
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
FIG. 10
FIG. 11
FIG. 12
FIG. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.R. Davis: Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (ASM International, OH, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  2. V.C. Srivastava, R.K. Mandal, and S.N. Ojha: Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si alloys produced by spray forming process. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 304–306, 555 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. Zhou, J. Duszczyk, and B.M. Korevaar: Microstructural features and final mechanical properties of the iron-modified Al-20Si-3Cu-1 Mg alloy product processed from atomized powder. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 3041 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. F. Grosselle, G. Timelli, and F. Bonollo: Doe applied to microstructural and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys for automotive applications. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 3536 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  5. W. Kasprzak, B.S. Amirkhiz, and M. Niewczas: Structure and properties of cast Al-Si based alloy with Zr-V-Ti additions and its evaluation of high temperature performance. J. Alloys Compd. 595, 67 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. C.J. Middleton, R. Timmins, and R.D. Townsend: The integrity of materials in high temperature components; performance and life assessment. Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip. 66, 33 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. D. Krätschmer, E. Roos, X. Schuler, and K-H. Herter: Proof of fatigue strength of nuclear components part II: Numerical fatigue analysis for transient stratification loading considering environmental effects. Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip. 92, 1 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  8. J.U. Ejiofor and R.G. Reddy: Developments in the processing and properties of particulate Al-Si composites. JOM 49, 31 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. M. Chen, X. Meng-Burany, T.A. Perry, and A.T. Alpas: Micromechanisms and mechanics of ultra-mild wear in Al-Si alloys. Acta Mater. 56, 5605 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. M.M. Khruschov: Principles of abrasive wear. Wear 28, 69 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  11. D.H. Jeong, U. Erb, K.T. Aust, and G. Palumbo: The relationship between hardness and abrasive wear resistance of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-P coatings. Scr. Mater. 48, 1067 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M.A. Moore: The relationship between the abrasive wear resistance, hardness and microstructure of ferritic materials. Wear 28, 59 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. D.H. Jeong, F. Gonzalez, G. Palumbo, K.T. Aust, and U. Erb: The effect of grain size on the wear properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel coatings. Scr. Mater. 44, 493 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A.V. Makarov, N.A. Pozdejeva, R.A. Savrai, A.S. Yurovskikh, and I.Y. Malygina: Improvement of wear resistance of quenched structural steel by nanostructuring frictional treatment. J. Frict. Wear 33, 433 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. Clarke and A.D. Sarkar: Wear characteristics of as-cast binary aluminum silicon alloys. Wear 54, 7 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B.N. Pramila Bai and S.K. Biswas: Mechanism of wear in dry sliding of a hypoeutectic aluminum alloy. Lubr. Eng. 43, 57 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  17. K. Mohammed Jasim and E.S. Dwarakadasa: Effect of sliding speed on adhesive wear of binary Al-Si alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 12, 650 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  18. M. Elmadagli, T. Perry, and A.T. Alpas: A parametric study of the relationship between microstructure and wear resistance of Al–Si alloys. Wear 262, 79 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H.R. Lashgari, S. Zangeneh, H. Shahmir, M. Saghafi, and M. Emamy: Heat treatment effect on the microstructure, tensile properties and dry sliding wear behavior of A356–10%B4C cast composites. Mater. Des. 31, 4414 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. K. Jia and T.E. Fischer: Sliding wear of conventional and nanostructured cemented carbides. Wear 203, 310 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  21. H.W. Jin, C.G. Park, and M.C. Kim: Microstructure and surface wear resistance in rapidly quenched Fe-Cr-B alloy spray coatings. Curr. Appl. Phys. 1, 473 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  22. D. Bourell, M. Wohlert, N. Harlan, S. Das, and J. Beaman: Powder densification maps in selective laser sintering. Adv. Eng. Mater. 4, 663 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J.P. Li, C. Wilson, J.R. Wijn, C.A. Van Blitterswijk, and K. De Groot: Fabrication of porous Ti6Al4V with designed structure by rapid prototyping technology. Key Eng. Mater. 330, 1293 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  24. S. Pauly, L. Löber, R. Petters, M. Stoica, S. Scudino, U. Kühn, and J. Eckert: Processing metallic glasses by selective laser melting. Mater. Today 16, 37 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. K.G. Prashanth, S. Scudino, H. Klauss, K.B. Surreddi, L. Löber, Z. Wang, A.K. Chaubey, U. Kühn, and J. Eckert: Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-12Si produced by selective laser melting: Effect of hear treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 590, 153 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. P. Ma, K.G. Prashanth, S. Scudino, Y.D. Lia, H. Wang, C. Zou, Z. Wei, and J. Eckert: Influence of annealing on mechanical properties of Al-20Si processed by selective laser melting. Metals 4, 28 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  27. K.G. Prashanth, R. Damodaram, S. Scudino, Z. Wang, K. Prasad Rao, and J. Eckert: Friction welding of Al-12Si parts produced by selective laser melting. Mater. Des. 57, 632 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A.Y. Musa, A.B. Mohamad, A.A.H. Khadum, and E.P. Chee: Galvanic corrosion of aluminum alloy (Al2024) and copper in 1.0 M nitric acid. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6, 5052 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. G-L. Song and M. Liu: Corrosion and electrochemical evaluation of an Al-Si-Cu aluminum alloy in ethanol solutions. Corros. Sci. 72, 73 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. N.J.H. Holroyd, G.M. Scamans, R.C. Newman, and A.K. Vasudevan: Chapter 14–Corrosion and stress corrosion of aluminum-lithium alloys. In Aluminum-Lithium Alloys: Processing, Properties and Applications; 2014; pp. 457–500.

  31. M. Kending, S. Jeaniaquet, R. Addison, and J. Waldrop: Role of hexavalent chromium in the inhibition of corrosion of aluminum alloys. Surf. Coat. Technol. 140, 58 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  32. K.G. Prashanth, S. Kumar, S. Scudino, B.S. Murty, and J. Eckert: Fabrication and response of Al70Y16Ni10Co4 glass reinforced metal matrix composites. Mater. Manuf. Process. 26, 1242 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J.F. Archard: Contact and rubbing of flat surface. J. Appl. Phys. 24, 981 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  34. K. Elleuch and S. Fouvry: Wear analysis of A357 aluminium alloy under fretting. Wear 253, 662 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. N. Raghukiran and R. Kumar: Processing and dry sliding wear performance of spray deposited hyper-eutectic aluminum–silicon alloys. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 213, 401 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. N.P. Suh: The delamination theory of wear. Wear 25, 111 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. D.K. Dwivedi: Adhesive wear behavior of cast aluminium–silicon alloys: Overview. Mater. Des. 31, 2517 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Y. Liu, R. Asthana, and P.A. Rohatgi: Map for wear mechanisms in aluminium alloys. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 99 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. C. Subramanian: Some considerations towards the design of a wear resistant aluminium alloy. Wear 155, 193 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J. Zhang and A.T. Alpas: Transition between mild and severe wear in aluminium alloys. Acta Mater. 45, 513 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. M.H. Zhu and Z.R. Zhou: On the mechanisms of various fretting wear modes. Tribol. Int. 44, 1378 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  42. P. Blanchard, C. Colombie, V. Pellerin, S. Fayeulle, and L. Vincent: Material effects in fretting wear: Application to iron, titanium and aluminum alloys. Metall. Trans. A 22A, 1535 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. H. Goto and K. Uchijo: Fretting wear of Al–Si alloy matrix composites. Wear 256, 630 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Y. Yoon, I. Etsion, and F.E. Talke: The evolution of fretting wear in a micro-spherical contact. Wear 270, 567 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. G. Timmermans and L. Froyen: Fretting wear behaviour of hypereutectic P/M Al–Si in oil environment. Wear 230, 105 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. Kumar, M. Chakraborty, V. Subramanya Sarma, and B.S. Murty: Tensile and wear behaviour of in situ Al–7Si/TiB2 particulate composites. Wear 265, 134 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Mandal, M. Chakraborty, and B.S. Murty: Effect of TiB2 particles on sliding wear behaviour of Al–4Cu alloy. Wear 262, 160 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S.K. Thakur and B.K. Dhindaw: The influence of interfacial characteristics between SiCp and Mg/Al metal matrix on wear, coefficient of friction and microhardness. Wear 247, 191 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. V.C. Srivastava, G.B. Rudrakshi, V. Uhlenwinkel, and S.N. Ojha: Wear characteristics of spray formed Al–alloys and their composites. J. Mater. Sci. 44, 2288 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. B.K. Prasad, K. Venkateswarlu, O.P. Modi, A.K. Jha, S. Das, R. Dasgupta, and A.H. Yegneswaran: Sliding wear behavior of some Al–Si alloys: Role of shape and size of Si particles and test conditions. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 29A, 2747 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. H. Torabian, J.P. Pathak, and S.N. Tiwari: Wear characteristics of Al–Si alloys. Wear 172, 49 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. M. Pourbaix: Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (Pergamon Press, Brussels, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Prof. Wei Wen Zhang and Yu Xuan Liu for the help and support for conducting the fretting wear experiments. Authors also would like to acknowledge Natural Science Foundation of China (GD-NSFC) Foundation (U1034001) for their funding support to conduct fretting wear experiments at School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Komplexe Materialien, IFW Dresden, Dresden, D-01171, Germany

    K. G. Prashanth, Z. Wang, P. F. Gostin, A. Gebert, M. Calin, U. Kühn, S. Scudino & J. Eckert

  2. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India

    B. Debalina & M. Kamaraj

  3. Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, TU Dresden, Dresden, D-01062, Germany

    J. Eckert

Authors
  1. K. G. Prashanth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Debalina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Z. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. F. Gostin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Gebert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. Calin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. U. Kühn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. M. Kamaraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. S. Scudino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. J. Eckert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. G. Prashanth.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Prashanth, K.G., Debalina, B., Wang, Z. et al. Tribological and corrosion properties of Al–12Si produced by selective laser melting. Journal of Materials Research 29, 2044–2054 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.133

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.133

Search

Navigation