Abstract
In near-field regions of nuclear waste repositories, thermodynamically coupled flows of heat and matter can occur in addition to the independent flows in the presence of gradients of temperature, hydraulic potential, and composition. The following coupled effects can occur: thermal osmosis, thermal diffusion, chemical osmosis, thermal filtration, diffusion thermal effect, ultrafiltration, and coupled diffusion. Flows of heat and matter associated with these effects can modify the flows predictable from the direct effects, which are expressed by Fourier’s law, Darcy’s law, and Fick’s law. The coupled effects can be treated quantitatively together with the direct effects by the methods of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The extent of departure of fully coupled flows from predictions based only on consideration of direct effects depends on the strengths of the gradients driving flows, and may be significant at early times in backfills and in near-field geologic environments of repositories. Approximate calculations using data from the literature and reasonable assumptions of repository conditions indicate that thermal-osmotic and chemical-osmotic flows of water in semipermeable backfills may exceed Darcian flows by two to three orders of magnitude, while flows of solutes may be reduced greatly by ultrafiltration and chemical osmosis, relative to the flows predicted by advection and diffusion alone. In permeable materials, thermal diffusion may contribute to solute flows to a smaller, but still significant, extent.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. F. Tsang, J. Xoorishad, and J. S. Y. Wang. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 15, 515–522 (1983).
J. W. Cary and S. A. Taylor, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26, 413–416 (1962).
J. W. Cary and S. A. Taylor, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26, 417–420 (1962).
S. A. Taylor and J. W. Cary, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28, 167–171 (1964).
P. H. Groenevelt and G. H. Bolt, J. Hydrology 7, 358–388 (1969).
R. Pal and M. P. Gupta, J. Hydrology 13, 278–280 (1971).
P. A. C. Raats, Water Resour. Res. 11, 938–942 (1975).
C. L. Carnahan, J. Hydrology 31, 125–150 (1976).
W. E. Reed, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 415–430 (1970).
B. B. Hanshaw and E-An Zen, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 76, 1379–1386 (1965).
J. A. Greenberg and J. K. Mitchell in: Aquitards in the Coastal Ground Water Basin of Oxnard Plain, Ventura County, Bulletin No. 63-4 (State of California, The Resources Agency, Department of Water Resources 1971) pp. 129–141.
D. D. Fitts, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics (McGraw-Hill, New York 1962).
S. R. DeGroot and P. Mazur, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1969).
A. Katchalsky and P. F. Curran, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics in Biophysics (Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1967).
L. Onsager, Phys. Rev. 37, 405–426 (1931); 38, 2265–2279 (1931).
D. G. Miller in: Foundations of Continuum Thermodynamics, J. J. Delgado Domingos, M. N. R. Nina, and J. H. Whitelaw, eds. (MacMillan Press, London 1974) pp. 185–214.
J. S. Y. Wang, D. C. Mangold, and C. F. Tsang, Mat, Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 15, 531–538 (1983).
F. N. Hodges in: Engineered Barrier Development for a Nuclear Waste Repository in Basalt: An Integration of Current Knowledge, Report RHO-BWI-ST-7, M. J. Smith et al. (Rockwell International 1980) pp. 2-105-2-133.
R. C. Srivastava and P. K. Avasthi, J. Hydrology 24, 111–120 (1975).
J. Letey and W. D. Kemper, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 33. 25–29 (1969).
E. C. Thornton and W. E. Seyfried, Science 220, 1156–1158 (1983).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carnahan, C.L. Thermodynamic Coupling of Heat and Matter Flows in Near-Field Regions of Nuclear Waste Repositories. MRS Online Proceedings Library 26, 1023–1030 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-26-1023
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-26-1023