Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of micron-scale manufacturing flaws on the tensile response of centimeter sized two-photon polymerization microlattices

  • Polymers for Additive Manufacturing Research Letter
  • Published:
MRS Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a unique fabrication technique that enables sub-micron scale resolution. Herein, we report on uniaxial tensile tests on millimeter-sized TPP log-pile structures that were fabricated using a recently developed interdigitated stitching strategy. As expected, the Young’s modulus increased with laser intensity, however elastic modulus, ultimate strength and strain-at-failure varied widely, even for nominally identical samples. Post-mortem analysis revealed a series of print defects resulting from various sources including misalignments, resin shrinkage, laser beam shadowing, and local depletion of the oxygen inhibitor. While some of the defects can be eliminated, such as misalignments due to insufficient precision of the mechanical stage, others are more intrinsic to TPP and thus more difficult to address.

Graphic Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. X. Zhou, Y. Hou, J. Lin, A review on the processing accuracy of two-photon polymerization. AIP Adv. 5, 030701 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. V. Hahn, P. Kiefer, T. Frenzel, J. Qu, E. Blasco, C. Barner-Kowollik, M. Wegener, Rapid assembly of small materials building blocks (voxels) into large functional 3D metamaterials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1907795 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Liu, O. Stein, J. H. Campbell, L. Jiang, N. Petta, and Y. Lu, Three-dimensional printing and deformation behavior of low-density target structures by two-photon polymerization. Nanoeng. Fabr. Prop. Opt. Devices XIV 10354 (2017).

  4. J.S. Oakdale, R.F. Smith, J.-B. Forien, W.L. Smith, S.J. Ali, L.B.B. Aji, T.M. Willey, J. Ye, A.W. van Buuren et al., Direct laser writing of low-density interdigitated foams for plasma drive shaping. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702425 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. T. Frenzel, M. Kadic, M. Wegener, Three-dimensional mechanical metamaterials with a twist. Science 358, 1072–1074 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. L.J. Jiang, J.H. Campbell, Y.F. Lu, T. Bernat, N. Petta, direct writing target structures by two-photon polymerization. Fusion Sci. Technol. 70, 295–309 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Liu, J.H. Campbell, O. Stein, L. Jiang, J. Hund, Y. Lu, Deformation behavior of foam laser targets fabricated by two-photon polymerization. Nanomaterials 8, 498 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. O. Stein, Y. Liu, J. Streit, J.H. Campbell, Y.F. Lu, Y. Aglitskiy, N. Petta, Fabrication of low-density shock-propagation targets using two-photon polymerization. Fusion Sci. Technol. 73, 153–165 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Dehaeck, B. Scheid, P. Lambert, Adaptive stitching for meso-scale printing with two-photon lithography. Addit. Manuf. 21, 589–597 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Gross, P. Pantidis, K. Bertoldi, S. Gerasimidis, Correlation between topology and elastic properties of imperfect truss-lattice materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 124, 577–598 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. L.R. Meza, A.J. Zelhofer, N. Clarke, A.J. Mateos, D.M. Kochmann, J.R. Greer, Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 11502–11507 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. B.M. Patterson, L. Kuettner, T. Shear, K. Henderson, M.J. Herman, A. Ionita, N. Chawla, J. Williams, T. Sun et al., Synchrotron CT imaging of lattice structures with engineered defects. J. Mater. Sci. 55, 11353 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. D. Jang, L.R. Meza, F. Greer, J.R. Greer, Fabrication and deformation of three-dimensional hollow ceramic nanostructures. Nat. Mater. 12, 893–898 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. D.R. Cayll, I.S. Ladner, J.H. Cho, S.K. Saha, M.A. Cullinan, A MEMS dynamic mechanical analyzer for in situ viscoelastic characterization of 3D printed nanostructures. J. Micromech. Microeng. 30, 075008 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Bauer, A. Schroer, R. Schwaiger, I. Tesari, C. Lange, L. Valdevit, O. Kraft, Push-to-pull tensile testing of ultra-strong nanoscale ceramic–polymer composites made by additive manufacturing. Extreme Mech. Lett. 3, 105–112 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. A.J. Mateos, W. Huang, Y.-W. Zhang, J.R. Greer, Discrete-continuum duality of architected materials: failure, flaws, and fracture. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1806772 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. A.R. Garcia-Taormina, T. Juarez, J.S. Oakdale, J. Biener, A.M. Hodge, Scaling-up of nano-architected microstructures: a mechanical assessment. Adv. Eng. Mater. 21, 1900687 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Bückmann, N. Stenger, M. Kadic, J. Kaschke, A. Frölich, T. Kennerknecht, C. Eberl, M. Thiel, M. Wegener, Tailored 3D mechanical metamaterials made by dip-in direct-laser-writing optical lithography. Adv. Mater. 24, 2710–2714 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. J.S. Oakdale, J. Ye, W.L. Smith, J. Biener, Post-print UV curing method for improving the mechanical properties of prototypes derived from two-photon lithography. Opt. Express 24, 27077–27086 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. L.J. Jiang, Y.S. Zhou, W. Xiong, Y. Gao, X. Huang, L. Jiang, T. Baldacchini, J.-F. Silvain, Y.F. Lu, Two-photon polymerization: investigation of chemical and mechanical properties of resins using Raman microspectroscopy. Opt. Lett. 39, 3034–3037 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. E.D. Lemma, F. Rizzi, T. Dattoma, B. Spagnolo, L. Sileo, A. Qualtieri, M. De Vittorio, F. Pisanello, Mechanical properties tunability of three-dimensional polymeric structures in two-photon lithography. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 16, 23–31 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. C.-S. Shin, T.-J. Li, C.-L. Lin, Alleviating distortion and improving the Young’s modulus in two-photon polymerization fabrications. Micromachines 9, 615 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J. Bauer, A.G. Izard, Y. Zhang, T. Baldacchini, L. Valdevit, Programmable mechanical properties of two-photon polymerized materials: from nanowires to bulk. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4, 1900146 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. I.S. Ladner, M.A. Cullinan, S.K. Saha, Tensile properties of polymer nanowires fabricated via two-photon lithography. RSC Adv. 9, 28808–28813 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Y. He, M. Yao, J. Nie, Shrinkage in UV-Curable Coatings. in Prot. Coat. Film Form. Prop., eds. by M. Wen, K. Dušek (2017)

  26. L. Jonušauskas, M. Malinauskas, Mesoscale 3D manufacturing: varying focusing conditions for efficient direct laser writing of polymers. in Nanophotonics V 9126 (2014)

  27. J.B. Mueller, J. Fischer, F. Mayer, M. Kadic, M. Wegener, Polymerization kinetics in three-dimensional direct laser writing. Adv. Mater. 26, 6566–6571 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by LLNL under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344. The project was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) programs of LLNL (18-ERD-004).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550, USA

    Jean-Baptiste Forien, James S. Oakdale, Matthew A. Worthington & Juergen Biener

Authors
  1. Jean-Baptiste Forien
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James S. Oakdale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Matthew A. Worthington
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Juergen Biener
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean-Baptiste Forien.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that the authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Forien, JB., Oakdale, J.S., Worthington, M.A. et al. Effect of micron-scale manufacturing flaws on the tensile response of centimeter sized two-photon polymerization microlattices. MRS Communications 11, 189–196 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-021-00033-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-021-00033-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation