Abstract

Introduction

Hyperlipidemia (HL) is a polygenic disease triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. HL is also a well-established risk factor of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, and hypertension (¹1. Andreotti G, Chen J, Gao YT, Rashid A, Chang SC, Shen MC, et al. Serum lipid levels and the risk of biliary tract cancers and biliary stones: a population-based study in China. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2322-2329, doi: 10.1002/ijc.23307.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23307... 2. Tanaka T, Okamura T. Blood cholesterol level and risk of stroke in community-based or worksite cohort studies: a review of Japanese cohort studies in the past 20 years. Keio J Med 2012; 61: 79-88, doi: 10.2302/kjm.61.79.
https://doi.org/10.2302/kjm.61.79... 3. Stefanutti C, Labbadia G, Morozzi C. Severe hypertriglyceridemia-related acute pancreatitis. Ther Apher Dial 2013; 17: 130-137, doi: 10.1111/1744-9987.12008.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.12008... 4. Ezhov MV, Safarova MS, Afanasieva OI, Pogorelova OA, Tripoten MI, Adamova IY, et al. Specific lipoprotein(a) apheresis attenuates progression of carotid intima-media thickness in coronary heart disease patients with high lipoprotein(a) levels. Artheroscler 2015; Suppl 18: 163-169, doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2015.02.025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosi... –⁵5. Williams PT, Franklin BA. Incident diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease risk in exercising hypercholesterolemic patients. Am J Cardiol2015; 116: 1516-1520, doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.08.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.0... ), all of which are threats to public health. The incidence of HL has gradually increased, leading to renewed research interest in this condition.

Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is a major structural protein of chylomicron, a very-low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc). Thus far, two subunits of APOB, APOB100 and APOB48, have been discovered, and APOB100 is the main component of LDL; indeed, APOB comprises ∼90% of LDL (⁶6. Ludwig EH, Blackhart BD, Pierotti VR, Caiati L, Fortier C, Knott T, et al. DNA sequence of the human apolipoprotein B gene. DNA 1987; 6: 363-368, doi: 10.1089/dna.1987.6.363.
https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.1987.6.363... ). The APOB gene, which is located on human chromosome 2p23-24, is 43 kb in length and contains 28 introns and 29 exons (⁷7. Blackhart BD, Ludwig EM, Pierotti VR, Caiati L, Onasch MA, Wallis SC, et al. Structure of the human apolipoprotein B gene. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 15364-15367.). The structure of this gene differs from other apolipoprotein genes, and multiple genetic mutations in the gene have been identified. Notably, mutations in the APOB gene may lead to elevated LDL levels and other lipid metabolic disorders as well as an increased risk of coronary heart disease owing to higher levels of serum APOB, even in the presence of normal levels of LDL (⁸8. Machado MO, Hirata MH, Bertolami MC, Hirata RD. ApoB gene haplotype is associated with lipid profile of higher risk for coronary heart disease in Caucasian Brazilian men. J Clin Lab Anal 2001; 15: 19-24, doi: 10.1002/1098-2825(2001)15:1<19::AID-JCLA4>3.0.CO;2-#.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2825(2001)1...

9. Mäkelä KM, Traylor M, Oksala N, Kleber ME, Seppälä I, Lyytikäinen LP, et al. Association of the novel single-nucleotide polymorphism which increases oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels with cerebrovascular disease events. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234: 214-217, doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosi... -¹⁰10. Liu C, Yang J, Han W, Zhang Q, Shang X, Li X, et al. Polymorphisms in ApoB gene are associated with risk of myocardial infarction and serum ApoB levels in a Chinese population. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8: 16571-16577.). Therefore, the APOB gene has become a major focus for many researchers.

Several studies have shown that race, region, and disease state are associated with variations in the distributions of APOB isoforms. In addition, many studies have examined polymorphisms in the APOB gene in populations of different races and regions (¹¹11. Kathiresan S, Melander O, Guiducci C, Surti A, Burtt NP, Rieder MJ, et al. Six new loci associated with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 189-197, doi: 10.1038/ng.75.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.75... 12. Rebhi L, Omezzine A, Kchok K, Belkahla R, Ben HI, Rejeb J, et al. 5′ ins/del and 3′ VNTR polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein B gene in relation to lipids and coronary artery disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46: 329-333, doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2008.067.
https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2008.067... 13. Andreotti G, Menashe I, Chen J, Chang SC, Rashid A, Gao YT, et al. Genetic determinants of serum lipid levels in Chinese subjects: a population-based study in Shanghai, China. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24: 763-774, doi: 10.1007/s10654-009-9402-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-009-9402-... 14. Weissglas-Volkov D, Plaisier CL, Huertas-Vazquez A, Cruz-Bautista I, Riaão-Barros D, Herrer-Hernandez M, et al. Identification of two common variants contributing to serum apolipoprotein B levels in Mexicans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30: 353-359, doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.196402.
https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.1964... –¹⁵15. Haas BE, Weissglas-Volkov D, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Nikkola E, Vergnes L, Cruz-Bautista I, et al. Evidence of how rs7575840 influences apolipoprotein B-containing lipid particles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31: 1201-1207, doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.224139.
https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.2241... ). For example, Kim et al. (¹⁶16. Kim DS, Burt AA, Ranchalis JE, Jarvik ER, Rosenthal EA, Hatsukami TS, et al. Novel gene-by-environment interactions: APOB and NPC1L1 variants affect the relationship between dietary and total plasma cholesterol. J Lipid Res 2013; 54: 1512-1520, doi: 10.1194/jlr.P035238.
https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P035238... ) found that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1042034 in the APOB gene increased serum total cholesterol (TC) levels in Americans, and Kulminski et al. (¹⁷17. Kulminski AM, Culminskaya I, Arbeev KG, Ukraintseva SV, Stallard E, Arbeeva L, et al. The role of lipid-related genes, aging-related processes, and environment in health span. Aging Cell 2013; 12: 237-246, doi: 10.1111/acel.12046.
https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12046... ) found that the CC genotype of SNP rs1042034 was significantly associated with high serum TC levels in younger patients with cardiovascular diseases in America, but acted as a protective factor in elderly individuals. However, Ou et al. (¹⁸18. Ou HJ, Huang G, Liu W, Ma XL, Wei Y, Zhou T, et al. Relationship of the APOA5/A4/C3/A1 gene cluster and APOB gene polymorphisms with dyslipidemia. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14: 9277-9290, doi: 10.4238/2015.August.10.8.
https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.August.10.8... ) reported that the SNP rs1042034 is not associated with HL in Chinese Han individuals living in the Shihezi area of Xinjiang.

China has 56 ethnic groups; the Han Chinese comprise the largest ethnic group, whereas individuals of the Yugur ethnicity are a rare minority and the oldest nomad population in China, with only 14,378 individuals (¹⁹19. Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China. In 2010, the main data bulletin (No. 1). The National Bureau of Statistics, 2010. <http://stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcs/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm>.
http://stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcs/rkpc/6rp/in... ). The Yugur population represents a unique minority in Gansu province, and most members of this population live in the Gansu Sunan district. The region is located in the hinterlands of the Qilian Mountains, which has an average elevation of 2500 m. The low population mobility and high probability of marriage within the race have led to a similar genetic background among individuals of this ethnic group.

Furthermore, the Yugur population has maintained a nomadic lifestyle and eating habits, and thus the Yugur lifestyle is largely based on animal husbandry. In our previous studies (²⁰20. Lan YM, Xie XD, Jia Y. Plasma lipid level among residents in Yugu minority area, Gansu province. Chin J Public Health 2010; 26: 887-889.,²¹21. Lan YM, Han T, Jin L. Related analysis on the level of blood lipid in the mid-aged and elderly people in Yugu minority area of Gansu province. Chin J Gerontol 2011; 31: 371-373.), we found that individuals of the Yugur ethnicity have a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia than the Han Chinese living in the same region. Notably, these two groups share similar eating habits, suggesting a genetic component contributing to the increased incidence of dyslipidemia in Yugurs. However, this hypothesis has not yet been directly investigated.

Most SNP analyses focus on evaluating whether individual SNPs independently affect the risk of disease, ignoring the effects of interactions among multiple SNPs and linkage disequilibrium (LD) on the disease. In fact, this synergistic effect may play a role in the pathogenic characteristics of a gene. For instance, previous studies (²²22. Colares VS, Titan SM, Pereira Ada C, Malafronte P, Cardena MM, Santos S, et al. MYH9 and APOL1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of CKD in patients with lupus nephritis from an admixture population. PLoS One 2014; 9: e87716, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087716.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... ,²³23. Zhou J, Zhao Y. Osteoprotegerin gene (OPG) polymorphisms associated with peri-implantitis susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4271-4276, doi: 10.12659/MSM.897592.
https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.897592... ) showed that many haplotypes can increase the individual disease risk.

Therefore, we aimed to investigate the independent and joint effects of five common variants (rs1042034, rs2163204, rs512535, rs676210, and rs679899) of the APOB gene on the risk of HL in the Yugur population. Our results should provide important insights into the role of genetic variants in determining the risk of HL.

Material and Methods

Study participants

The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Northwest University for Nationalities. All participants signed informed consent forms prior to enrolment. In total, 631 unrelated male and female individuals of the Yugur population, within an age range of 45-80 years (mean 53 years), were enrolled from stratified randomized cluster samples. All individuals were healthy and permanent residents of the Sunan region, representing at least three Yugur generations. The participation rate among eligible subjects was 88%.

Epidemiological survey

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) values were measured. Individuals were asked to sit quietly for 30 min without having tea, coffee, or cigarettes before measurement of SBP and DBP. BP was measured three times at intervals of 5 min, and the average value of three measurements was used. Hypertension was diagnosed when the SBP and DBP were equal to or greater than 140 and 90 mmHg, respectively, and were confirmed by three tests on different days. Blood glucose, TC, triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and LDLc were evaluated using an automatic biochemical meter (Olympus 2007, Japan), and with a blood lipid kit (JianCheng Bioengineering Institute, China) per the manufacturer instructions.

Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed per the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (taking hypoglycemic agents, fasting serum glucose level ≥7.0 mM, or a 2-h postprandial glucose level ≥11.1 mM in two measurements). In total, 336 participants were included in the HL group, and 295 participants were included in the normolipidemia group according to their serum lipid results. Individuals with a fasting TC value ≥6.22 mM, TGs ≥2.26 mM, HDLc<1.04 mM, and/or LDLc>4.14 mM were included in the hyperlipidemic group. Individuals with a fasting TC value<5.18 mM, TGs<1.70 mM, HDLc ≥1.04 mM, and/or LDLc<3.37 mM were included in the normolipidemic group (²⁴24. Joint Committee for Developing Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults. Chinese guidelines on prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in adults. Chin J Cardiol 2007; 3: 390-419.).

Smokers were defined as those smoking more than 5 cigarettes daily (²⁵25. Farrall M, Keavney B, Mckenzie C. Health consequences of smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day. Tob Control 2005; 14: 315-320, doi: 10.1136/tc.2005.011932.
https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.011932... ); an alcohol consumer was defined as an individual with a weekly alcohol intake of more than 140 g for men or more than 70 g for women (²⁶26. Fan JG, Cai XB. The consensus on diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region. Chin Hepatol 2007; 14: 80-82.), based on self-reporting. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m²) was measured using standard methods and instruments.

Genetic analyses

DNA was isolated from blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes using standard procedures using a blood genomic DNA extraction kit (centrifugal column type; Tiangen Biotech,China), and the concentration of DNA was determined using a spectrophotometer (Persee, China) at the Medicine Central Laboratory of the Northwest University for Nationalities. Based on a literature search, we selected the following five polymorphisms in the APOB gene that had been reported to have a mutation frequency greater than 5% and that were associated with alterations in lipid metabolism in our study cohort: rs1042034 (G>A), rs2163204 (T>G), rs512535 (G>A), rs676210 (A>G), and rs679899 (A>G). These polymorphisms were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) at Shenzhen Huada Gene Research Institute, using the MS-Sequenom option to detect SNPs. Each sample was amplified by the multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Shrimp alkaline phosphatase was used to digest the multiple residual dNTPs and join extension primers (next to the SNP target locus) using ddNTP (ddNTP Set, 20 mM solutions, CELLutions Biosystems Inc., Canada,) single-base outspread, and the extension primers and extended products were detected with MALDI-TOF MassARRAY system (Sequenom Inc., USA,). SNP genotyping was performed based on molecular weight analysis.

Statistical analyses

All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software package SPSS19.0 (USA). Linear regression analysis was performed with adjustment for age and gender. Differences in mean values were assessed using unpaired t-tests. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square tests. Allele and genotype frequencies of the SNPs were calculated and tested for departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using chi-square tests. Dominant and recessive models were constructed for the rare allele of each polymorphism, and univariate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. One-way analysis and multivariate regression were performed for HL risk factor analysis. Linkage and haplotype analyses were performed using SHEsis genetic-statistical software (http://analysis.bio-x.cn/SHEsisMain.htm). Specifically, standardized coefficient of LD (|D′|) values closer to 1 indicated a higher degree of LD. In addition, Pearson's correlation coefficients (r values) between the alleles of two loci were calculated, with associated P values. Results with P<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

General characteristics, serum lipid levels, and SNP frequencies

There was no significant difference in gender between the HL group (152 men and 143 women) and normolipidemia group (121 men and 174 women; P=0.286). However, the mean age, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TGs, HDLc, LDLc, blood glucose, cigarette smoking habit, and drinking habit differed significantly between the two study groups (P<0.05; Table 1).

SNPs were compatible with Hardy-Weinberg expectations (all P>0.05; Table 2). Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and compared to identify differences between the normolipidemia and HL groups. The frequencies of the analyzed SNPs rs1042034 and rs676210 showed significant differences between the two groups (P=0.009; P=0.005). The other three SNPs (rs2163204, rs512535, and rs679899) showed no significant differences between the two groups (Table 2). These findings suggested that the effects of SNPs rs1042034 and rs676210 on blood lipids in the Yugur population might be greater than those of the three other SNPs reported previously.

Genotypic and allelic frequencies in association analysis

To validate the associations of the five SNPs with HL in the Yugur population, dominant and recessive models for the rare allele were constructed to verify the associations of the variants and to calculate ORs and 95%CIs. Two SNPs were significantly associated with HL in the Yugur population: for APOB rs1042034, the AG and AG+AA genotypes were significantly more frequent than the GG genotype, whereas for rs676210, the AG and AG+GG genotypes were significantly more frequent than the AA genotype (Table 2). Thus, the rare alleles of both SNPs in APOB were more frequent in HL group than in controls, and were associated with the disease in a dominant manner.

LD and haplotype analyses

Next, we performed LD and haplotype analyses to explore the associations of multiple SNPs with HL. As shown in Table 3, rs2163204, rs1042034, rs676210, rs679899, rs1042034, and rs676210 were in strong LD. rs2163204, rs512535, rs512535, and rs679899 were also in LD. Haplotype analyses showed a significant difference in the risk for HL between individuals with haplotypes ATGGA and ATAGG and those with haplotype GTGAA (Table 4), suggesting that Yugurs harboring the ATGGA or ATAGG haplotype were more prone to developing HL.

Assessment of risk factors

We investigated the interactions between genetic variants and other risk factors using one-way analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Specifically, the multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluated the relationship between genetic variants (AG+AA and GA+GG genotypes in rs1042034 and rs676210) and factors for which the P-value was <0.2 in the one-way analysis of variance: age, BMI, SBP, DBP, blood glucose, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated the variables that were ultimately significantly associated with HL in the logistic regression analysis: BMI (P<0.0001), GA+GG genotype in rs676210 (P=0.009), alcohol consumption (P=0.056), and age (P=0.032; Table 5).

Discussion

The unique nomadic Chinese Yugur population is of great value for genetic studies. This population has been a target in both etiological and molecular anthropological studies (²⁷27. Chen YJ, Chen F, Xin N, Zhang HB, Zheng HB, Yu B, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of X-STR loci in Chinese Yugur ethnic group and its application. Yi Chuan 2008; 30: 1143-1152, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2008.01143.
https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1005.2008.0... ,²⁸28. Xu BC, Bian PP, Liu XW, Zhu YM, Yang XL, Ma JL, et al. Analysis of common deafness gene mutations in deaf people from unique ethnic groups in Gansu Province, China. Acta Otolaryngol2014; 134: 924-929, doi: 10.3109/00016489.2014.927588.
https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2014.92... ). Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated five SNPs in the APOB gene in middle-aged and elderly members of the Chinese Yugur population, and analyzed the associations of these SNPs with HL. We found that rs1042034 and rs676210 were significantly associated with HL in the Yugur population, and that the two SNPs were in nearly complete linkage. Haplotypes ATGGA and ATAGG were associated with a higher risk of developing HL, and further assessment of risk factors showed that age, BMI, the GA+GG genotype in rs676210, and alcohol consumption were also associated with HL.

Several previous studies have shown that rs1042034, rs676210, and rs512535 in the APOB gene promote HL development (²⁹29. Szabo de Edelenyi F, Goumidi L, Bertrais S, Phillips C, Macmanus R, Roche H, et al. Prediction of the metabolic syndrome status based on dietary and genetic parameters, using Random Forest. Genes Nutr 2008; 3: 173-176, doi: 10.1007/s12263-008-0097-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-008-0097-... ,³⁰30. Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature 2010; 466: 707-713, doi: 10.1038/nature09270.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09270... 31. Phillips CM, Goumidi L, Bertrais S, Field MR, McManus R, Hercberg S, et al. Gene-nutrient interactions and gender may modulate the association between ApoA1 and ApoB gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome risk. Atherosclerosis 2011; 214: 408-414, doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.029.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosi... 32. Mäkelä KM, Seppälä I, Hernesniemi JA, Lyytikäinen LP, Oksala N, Kleber ME, et al. Genome-wide association study pinpoints a new functional apolipoprotein B variant influencing oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels but not cardiovascular events: AtheroRemo Consortium. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2013; 6: 73-81, doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.112.964965.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.112... ). In the current study, we found that the SNPs rs1042034 and rs676210 were significantly related to HL in the Chinese Yugur population. Similar results were reported by Kou et al. (³³33. Kou W, Lan YM, Li PQ. Relationship between the apolipoprotein B gene polymorphism with serum lipids in Yugu minority of Gansu province. Chin J Gerontol 2013; 33: 4812-4814.), who showed that rs676210 (AG and AG+GG) in the APOB gene was a risk factor for HL in this population. Moreover, in contrast to previous findings (²⁷27. Chen YJ, Chen F, Xin N, Zhang HB, Zheng HB, Yu B, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of X-STR loci in Chinese Yugur ethnic group and its application. Yi Chuan 2008; 30: 1143-1152, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2008.01143.
https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1005.2008.0... ,²⁹29. Szabo de Edelenyi F, Goumidi L, Bertrais S, Phillips C, Macmanus R, Roche H, et al. Prediction of the metabolic syndrome status based on dietary and genetic parameters, using Random Forest. Genes Nutr 2008; 3: 173-176, doi: 10.1007/s12263-008-0097-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-008-0097-... ), our data indicated that APOB rs512535, rs2163204, and rs679899 had no effect on HL risk in the Chinese Yugur population. The reason for these conflicting results may be related to the small sample size. As mentioned above, the Yugur population is sparse, and due to the inevitable restrictions of the study design, we were only able to recruit 631 subjects for this study. Of course, other possibilities cannot be ruled out, including the influence of the genetic background and living environments of the study participants. Because of their unique living environments and lifestyle habits, nomadic people also exhibit significant differences in individual constitution and disease characteristics compared to other demographic groups, and these differences may be related to specific genetic factors in the Chinese Yugur population.

Linkage SNPs may occur as a whole, without dramatic restructuring of genetic offspring. In our study, the LD and haplotype analyses indicated the presence of strong linkages among APOB rs2163204, rs1042034, and rs676210, and strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between rs1042034 and rs676210. The same result was found in the Han Chinese population (³⁴34. Xiao R, Sun S, Zhang J, Ouyang Y, Zhang N, Yang M, et al. Association analysis of APO gene polymorphisms with ischemic stroke risk: a case-control study in a Chinese Han population. Oncotarget 2017. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15549.
https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.1554... ); however, it is not clear whether these SNPs affect the blood lipid levels of the Han Chinese population. Accordingly, Yugur individuals who carry the ATGGA and ATAGG haplotypes may be at a higher risk of developing HL. Although these findings may provide a new approach to improve precision medicine for HL, further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Notably, we found that BMI, the GA+GG genotype in rs676210, alcohol consumption, and age were all associated with HL. Farrall et al. (²⁵25. Farrall M, Keavney B, Mckenzie C. Health consequences of smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day. Tob Control 2005; 14: 315-320, doi: 10.1136/tc.2005.011932.
https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.011932... ) reported an increase in serum TC and serum TGs due to cigarette consumption, regardless of gender, especially for those smoking more than 4 cigarettes a day. However, we did not find a similar effect among the Chinese Yugur, which may be associated with our experimental design, given that we did not classify smokers by the amount and duration of smoking. Our results also showed that high blood pressure and blood sugar had no significant correlation with hyperlipidemia in the Yugur population. A recent study showed that novel diabetes drugs can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and death (³⁵35. Sattar N, Petrie MC, Zinman B, Januzzi JL Jr. Novel diabetes drugs and the cardiovascular specialist. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69: 2646-2656, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.0... ). Thus, these findings confirmed that genetic variants represent susceptibility factors, which, in cooperation with other common variants and environmental factors, contribute to the development of HL. Similarly, Kim et al. (¹⁶16. Kim DS, Burt AA, Ranchalis JE, Jarvik ER, Rosenthal EA, Hatsukami TS, et al. Novel gene-by-environment interactions: APOB and NPC1L1 variants affect the relationship between dietary and total plasma cholesterol. J Lipid Res 2013; 54: 1512-1520, doi: 10.1194/jlr.P035238.
https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P035238... ) reported that the TC level can be predicted through gene-by-environment interactions between SNPs in the APOB gene and dietary cholesterol intake.

In summary, we identified common intronic SNPs (rs676210 and rs1042034) in the APOB gene and found five SNPs that were collectively associated with HL in the adult Chinese Yugur population. Importantly, we demonstrated that the G allele of rs676210 may confer an increased risk of HL. In addition, a previous study (³⁶36. Ye P, Shang Y, Ding X. The influence of apolipoprotein B and E gene polymorphisms on the response to simvastatin therapy in patients with hyperlipidemia. Chin Med Sci J 2003;18: 9-13.) showed that SNPs in the APOB gene are associated with statin pharmacology. Furthermore, HL can be classified into many types, which may be related to the underlying genetic cause. Therefore, determining the genetic background of a patient with HL might be helpful to determine the optimal therapeutic strategy. Our findings may provide insights into the specific role of the APOB gene, which may serve as a therapeutic target. Zhou et al. (³⁷37. Zhou R, Yang D, Zhang H, Yu W, An L, Wang X, et al. Origin and evolution of two Yugur sub-clans in Northwest China: a case study in paternal genetic landscape. Ann Hum Biol2008; 35: 198-211, doi: 10.1080/03014460801922927.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0301446080192292... ) found potential genetic differences between two Yugur subclans (east Yugurs and west Yugurs). Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the functions of these polymorphisms and their implications for the genetics of lipid-lowering drugs, based on the differences between the two Yugur subclans. Moreover, the association between polymorphisms in APOB and HL varied according to the gene locus considered. Thus, further studies are also needed to identify more genetic loci and to elucidate their exact functions.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30960325), the Gansu Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 130FKCA114) and the Central University project of Northwest University for Nationalities (No. 31920170039).

References

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