Ecologia, infecção e doença

Pires, Fernando Dias de Avila

doi:10.1590/S0037-86821974000400007

ATUALIZAÇÃO

Ecologia, infecção e doença

Fernando Dias de Avila Pires

Professor Adjunto, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Professor de Ecologia do Curso de Pós Graduação em Doenças Infectuosas e Parasitárias da Faculdade de Medicina da mesma Universidade; Diretor Executivo da Fundação Brasileira para a Conservação da natureza

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Recebido para publicação em 15.3.1974.

1. AGASSIZ, L. & AGASSIZ, E. C., 1869 - Viagem, ao Brasil 1865-1866. Tradução e notas de E. Sussekind de Mendonça. Brasiliana, Cia. Edit. Nac., 1938, São Paulo.
2. ALEXANDER, M. - Micróbial Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, N. York, 1971.
3. ALLEE, W.C., - Cooperatlon Among Avimals. Henry Schumann, N. York, 1957.
4. ÁVILA-PIRES, F.D. - Seleção Natural: Centenário da Comunicação de Darwin e Wallace sobre a Seleção Natural. Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 46: 1963.
5. ÁVILA-PIRES, F.D. - A contribuição de Louis Agassiz à Biologia. Atas Soc. Biol. Rio de Janeiro. 9: 17-21, 1965.
6. ÁVILA-PIRES, F.D. - The evolution of protective resemblances. An. Acad. Brasil. Ciênc., 40: 101-103, 1968.
7. BATES, H.W. - Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidac. Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., 23: 495-566, 1862.
8. BRAUN, M. & LOHE, M. - A Handbook of Practical Parasitology, John Bale, Sons, and Danielson Ltda., Londres, 1910.
9. CARTER, G.S. - Animal Evolution: A Study of Recent Views of, Its Causes. Sidewick & Jackson Ltda., Londres, 1951.
10. CHAPMAN, R.N. - Animal Ecology, With Special Reference to Insects. McGraw-Hill, N. York e Londres, 1931.
11. CLEMENS, F. E. & SHELFORD, V. E. Bio-ecology - John Wiley & Sons, N. Ycrk (1949), 1939.
12. CROMPTON, D.W.T. - The sites occupied by some parasitic helminths in the alimentary tract of vertebratesu. Biol. Rev, 48: 27-83, Londres e N. York, 1973.
13. D'ANCONA, U. - The Struggle for Existence. Biblioteca Biotheretica, D, 4, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1954.
14. DARWIN, C. - On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. Murray, Londres, 1859.
15. DARWIN, C. & WALLACE, A.R. - Evolution by Natural Selection. Cambridge University Press, Londres, 1958.
16. DOBZHANSKY, T. - Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia Univirsity Presss, N. York, 1937.
17. DUBOS, R. - Man Adapting. Yale University Press. N. Haven e Londres, 1965.
18. DUBOS, R. & SCHAEDLER, R.W. - The digestive tract as en ecosystem. Amer. J. Med. Sei., 248: 267-271, 1964.
19. DUBOS, R., SCHAEDLER R., COSTFLLO, R.L. & HOLT, D - Tndigeneous, normal, and autochthonous flora of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exptl. Med., 122: 67-76, 1965.
20. DUBOST, G. - Les niches ecologiques des forets tropicales Sud-Américaines et Africaines, source de convergences remarquables entre rongeurs at artiodactyles. La Terre et la Vie, 22: 3-28, Paris, 1968.
21. ELTON, C. - Animal Ecology. S'dgwick & Jackson, Ltda., Londres, 1927.
22. ESPINAS, A. - Des Sociétes Animales. G. E. Stechert & Co., N. York, 1878.
23. FISCHER, R. A. - The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. 2nd. ed., Dover, N. York, 1958.
24. FORBES, E. - Report on the Molluscs and Radiata of the Aegean Sea, and on their distribution considered as bearing on Geology. Rept. Br. A. Adv. Sc., 13: 130-193, Londres, 1943, reimpresso em KORMONDY, E. J. - Readings in Ecology. Prentice Hall Inc., N. Jersey, 1965.
25. FORBES, E. - On the light thrown on geology by submarine researches. Edinb. New. Philos. J., 36: 318-317, 1844.
26. FORBES, S. A. - The lake as microcosm. Bull. Soc. A. Peoria, reimpresso in KORMONDY, E. J. Readings in Ecology, Princeton Hall Inc., N. Jersey, 1965.
27. GALUZO, I.G. - Twenty years of natural-nidal disease studies. In LEVINE, N.D., ed., Natural Nidality of Diseases and Questions of Parasitology: 9-15. Trad. Proc. IV Conference on the Natural Nidality of Diseases and Questions of Parasitology of Kazakhstan and the Republics of Middle Asia, 15-20 September, 1959, Alma-Ata, URSS, UUUniversity of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1968.
28. GEIGER, R. - The Climate Near the Ground. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1950.
29. GILMOUR, J. S. & GREGOR, J. W. - Demes: a suggested new terminology. Nature, 144: 333, 1939.
30. GOLVAN, Y. J. & ROUX, J.A. - Écologie des Mérions du Kurdistan Iranien Relations avec l'épidémiologie de la peste rurale. Ann. Parasit. Hum. Comp. 36: 449-588, 1961.
31. GRANT, V. - The Origin of Adaptations. Columbia University Press, N. York e Londres, 1963.
32. HAECKEL, E. - Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. 2 vols. G. Reimer, Berlim, 1866.
33. HAECKEL, E. - Natürlische Schopfungsgeschichte. G Reimer. Berlim, 1868.
34. HERSHKOVITZ, P. - A Geographic classification of Neotropical Mammals. Fieldiana, Zool. Nat. Hist. Mus., 36: 583-620, 1958.
35. HUXLEY, J. - Evolution - The Modern Synthesis. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., Londres, 1942.
36. JEPSEN, G.L., SIMPSON, G. G. & MAYR, E. - Genetics. Paleantology and Evolution. Princeton University Press, N. Jersey, 1949.
37. LAMARCK, J.B.M. - Discours D'Ouverture, An VIII (1800), An X (1802), An XI (1803) e 1806. Buli. Sei. France et Belgique, 40: 1907.
38. LAMARCK, J.B.M. - Philosophie Zoologique. C. Reiwald, Paris, 1809.
39. MALTHUS, T.R. - Essay on the Principie of Population, or A View of Its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness. Londres. Reimpr. in Kormondy. E. J., Readings in Ecology, 1965.
40. MALTHUS, T.R. - Ensayo sobre el Principio de la Población. Trad. Teodoro Ortiz, 7.^a ed., Fondo de Cultura Econômica, México - Buenos Aires, 1951.
41. MARPLES, M.J. - The ecology of the human skin. Thomas Springfield, 1965.
42. MAYR, E. - Systematic and the oribin of Species. Columbia Universityx, Pres, 1942.
43. MEGGERS, B.J., AYENSU, E. & DUCKWORTH W.D., - Tropical Ecosystems in África and South America: A Comparative Review. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., 1972.
44. MELLO-LEITÃO, C., - Zoogeografia do Brasil. Brasiliana, 2ª ed., Cia. Ed. Nac., São Paulo, 1947.
45. MENDEL, G. - Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verh. Naturforsch. Verein Brün, 4: 3-47. Trad. e reimp. em SINNOTT, E.L.C. DUNN e T. DOBZHANSKY, 1950, Principies of Genetics, McGraw-Hill, N. York e Londres.
46. METCALF, M.M. - Parasites and the aid they give in problems of taxonomy, gecgraphical d'stribution, and paleogeography. Smithson. Misc. Coll., 81: 1-36, Washington, D.C., 1929.
47. MOBIUS, K., 1877 - Die Anster und die Austernwirtschaft. Wiegundt, Hempel & Parey, Berlim. Traduzido e reimpresso em KORMONDY, E.J., 1965. Readings in Ecology. Prentice -Hall, Inc., N. Jersey.
48. NEUMAN, L. G. D. - Traité des Maladies Parasitaires Non-microbiennes des Animaux Domestiques. 2ª ed., Asselin & Houzeau, Paris. 1892.
49. ORGANIZATION MONDIAL DE LA SANTÉ - Technical Guide for a system of plague surveillance. WHO Wkly. Epidem. Rec., 14: 149-160, 1973.
50. PAVLOVSKY, E.N., s/d. - Natural Nidality of Transmissible Diseases. Trad. Yuri Shirokov, Peace Pul., Moscou.
51. PLATT, R. B. & GRIFFTHS, J. - Environmental Measurement and Interpretatim. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N. York, 1964.
52. PREMIER SYMPOSIUM SUR LA SPECIFICITÉ PARASITAIRE DAS PARASITES DE VRTÉBRÉS. Instituto de Zoologie de Neuchâtel, 1957.
53. RABAUD, F. - Phénomène Social et Sociétés Animales. Félix Alcan, Paris, 1937.
54. RENSCH B. - Evolution Above the Spedes Level. Methuen & Co. Ltd., Londres, 1959.
55. SACK, R.B. - The ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. In SLADEN, B.K. e F.B. BANG, esc. Biology of Populations. The Biological Basis of Public Health. Elsevier, N. York, 1969.
57. SCHROTER, C. & KIRCHNER, O. - Die Vegetation des Bodensees. Schriften Ver. fesch. Bodensees Umgeb., 25: 1-119, e 31: 1-80, 1895 e 1902.
58. SHELFORD, M. B. - Animal Communities in Temperate America. Bull. Geogr. Soc. Chicago, 5. Reimpresso em 1937, pela University of Chicago Press, 1913.
59. SINGER, C. - From Magic to Cience. Dover, N. York, 1958.
60. SIMPSON, G. G. - Tempo and Mode in Evolution. Columbia University Press. N. York. Reeditado atualizado como The Major Features in Evolution, 1953, Columbia University Press.
61. SIMPSON, G. G. Evolution and Geography. Eugene, Oregino, 1953.
62. STALLONES, R. A. - El Ambiente, la Ecologia y la Epidemiologia. 4.ª. Confer. OPS/OMS, Ciências Biomédicas, Publ. Ci. 231 OPS/OMS, Washington, D.C., 1971.
63. STEBBINS, Jr., G. L. - Variation and Evolution in Plants. Columbia Biological Series, 16, Columbia University Press, N. York, 1950.
64. SUTTON, O. G. - Micrometeorology. McGraw-Hill, N. York, 1953.
65. UNESCO - Functioning of Terrestrial Ecosystems at the Primary Production Levei. Proc. Copenhagen Symposium, F. E. ECKARDT, ed., Paris.
66. WALLACE, A. R. - Natural Selection and Tropical Nature. Macmillan Co., Londres, 1891.
67. WALLACE, A. A. - The World of Life. G. Bell & Sons, Londres, 1911.
68. WRIGHT, S. - Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics. 15: 323-354, 1931.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
20 Jun 2013
Data do Fascículo
Ago 1974

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. AGASSIZ, L. & AGASSIZ, E. C., 1869 - Viagem, ao Brasil 1865-1866. Tradução e notas de E. Sussekind de Mendonça. Brasiliana, Cia. Edit. Nac., 1938, São Paulo.

[2] 2. ALEXANDER, M. - Micróbial Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, N. York, 1971.

[3] 3. ALLEE, W.C., - Cooperatlon Among Avimals. Henry Schumann, N. York, 1957.

[4] 4. ÁVILA-PIRES, F.D. - Seleção Natural: Centenário da Comunicação de Darwin e Wallace sobre a Seleção Natural. Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 46: 1963.

[5] 5. ÁVILA-PIRES, F.D. - A contribuição de Louis Agassiz à Biologia. Atas Soc. Biol. Rio de Janeiro. 9: 17-21, 1965.

[6] 6. ÁVILA-PIRES, F.D. - The evolution of protective resemblances. An. Acad. Brasil. Ciênc., 40: 101-103, 1968.

[7] 7. BATES, H.W. - Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidac. Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., 23: 495-566, 1862.

[8] 8. BRAUN, M. & LOHE, M. - A Handbook of Practical Parasitology, John Bale, Sons, and Danielson Ltda., Londres, 1910.

[9] 9. CARTER, G.S. - Animal Evolution: A Study of Recent Views of, Its Causes. Sidewick & Jackson Ltda., Londres, 1951.

[10] 10. CHAPMAN, R.N. - Animal Ecology, With Special Reference to Insects. McGraw-Hill, N. York e Londres, 1931.

[11] 11. CLEMENS, F. E. & SHELFORD, V. E. Bio-ecology - John Wiley & Sons, N. Ycrk (1949), 1939.

[12] 12. CROMPTON, D.W.T. - The sites occupied by some parasitic helminths in the alimentary tract of vertebratesu. Biol. Rev, 48: 27-83, Londres e N. York, 1973.

[13] 13. D'ANCONA, U. - The Struggle for Existence. Biblioteca Biotheretica, D, 4, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1954.

[14] 14. DARWIN, C. - On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. Murray, Londres, 1859.

[15] 15. DARWIN, C. & WALLACE, A.R. - Evolution by Natural Selection. Cambridge University Press, Londres, 1958.

[16] 16. DOBZHANSKY, T. - Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia Univirsity Presss, N. York, 1937.

[17] 17. DUBOS, R. - Man Adapting. Yale University Press. N. Haven e Londres, 1965.

[18] 18. DUBOS, R. & SCHAEDLER, R.W. - The digestive tract as en ecosystem. Amer. J. Med. Sei., 248: 267-271, 1964.

[19] 19. DUBOS, R., SCHAEDLER R., COSTFLLO, R.L. & HOLT, D - Tndigeneous, normal, and autochthonous flora of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exptl. Med., 122: 67-76, 1965.

[20] 20. DUBOST, G. - Les niches ecologiques des forets tropicales Sud-Américaines et Africaines, source de convergences remarquables entre rongeurs at artiodactyles. La Terre et la Vie, 22: 3-28, Paris, 1968.

[21] 21. ELTON, C. - Animal Ecology. S'dgwick & Jackson, Ltda., Londres, 1927.

[22] 22. ESPINAS, A. - Des Sociétes Animales. G. E. Stechert & Co., N. York, 1878.

[23] 23. FISCHER, R. A. - The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. 2nd. ed., Dover, N. York, 1958.

[24] 24. FORBES, E. - Report on the Molluscs and Radiata of the Aegean Sea, and on their distribution considered as bearing on Geology. Rept. Br. A. Adv. Sc., 13: 130-193, Londres, 1943, reimpresso em KORMONDY, E. J. - Readings in Ecology. Prentice Hall Inc., N. Jersey, 1965.

[25] 25. FORBES, E. - On the light thrown on geology by submarine researches. Edinb. New. Philos. J., 36: 318-317, 1844.

[26] 26. FORBES, S. A. - The lake as microcosm. Bull. Soc. A. Peoria, reimpresso in KORMONDY, E. J. Readings in Ecology, Princeton Hall Inc., N. Jersey, 1965.

[27] 27. GALUZO, I.G. - Twenty years of natural-nidal disease studies. In LEVINE, N.D., ed., Natural Nidality of Diseases and Questions of Parasitology: 9-15. Trad. Proc. IV Conference on the Natural Nidality of Diseases and Questions of Parasitology of Kazakhstan and the Republics of Middle Asia, 15-20 September, 1959, Alma-Ata, URSS, UUUniversity of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1968.

[28] 28. GEIGER, R. - The Climate Near the Ground. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1950.

[29] 29. GILMOUR, J. S. & GREGOR, J. W. - Demes: a suggested new terminology. Nature, 144: 333, 1939.

[30] 30. GOLVAN, Y. J. & ROUX, J.A. - Écologie des Mérions du Kurdistan Iranien Relations avec l'épidémiologie de la peste rurale. Ann. Parasit. Hum. Comp. 36: 449-588, 1961.

[31] 31. GRANT, V. - The Origin of Adaptations. Columbia University Press, N. York e Londres, 1963.

[32] 32. HAECKEL, E. - Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. 2 vols. G. Reimer, Berlim, 1866.

[33] 33. HAECKEL, E. - Natürlische Schopfungsgeschichte. G Reimer. Berlim, 1868.

[34] 34. HERSHKOVITZ, P. - A Geographic classification of Neotropical Mammals. Fieldiana, Zool. Nat. Hist. Mus., 36: 583-620, 1958.

[35] 35. HUXLEY, J. - Evolution - The Modern Synthesis. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., Londres, 1942.

[36] 36. JEPSEN, G.L., SIMPSON, G. G. & MAYR, E. - Genetics. Paleantology and Evolution. Princeton University Press, N. Jersey, 1949.

[37] 37. LAMARCK, J.B.M. - Discours D'Ouverture, An VIII (1800), An X (1802), An XI (1803) e 1806. Buli. Sei. France et Belgique, 40: 1907.

[38] 38. LAMARCK, J.B.M. - Philosophie Zoologique. C. Reiwald, Paris, 1809.

[39] 39. MALTHUS, T.R. - Essay on the Principie of Population, or A View of Its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness. Londres. Reimpr. in Kormondy. E. J., Readings in Ecology, 1965.

[40] 40. MALTHUS, T.R. - Ensayo sobre el Principio de la Población. Trad. Teodoro Ortiz, 7.^a ed., Fondo de Cultura Econômica, México - Buenos Aires, 1951.

[41] 41. MARPLES, M.J. - The ecology of the human skin. Thomas Springfield, 1965.

[42] 42. MAYR, E. - Systematic and the oribin of Species. Columbia Universityx, Pres, 1942.

[43] 43. MEGGERS, B.J., AYENSU, E. & DUCKWORTH W.D., - Tropical Ecosystems in África and South America: A Comparative Review. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., 1972.

[44] 44. MELLO-LEITÃO, C., - Zoogeografia do Brasil. Brasiliana, 2ª ed., Cia. Ed. Nac., São Paulo, 1947.

[45] 45. MENDEL, G. - Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verh. Naturforsch. Verein Brün, 4: 3-47. Trad. e reimp. em SINNOTT, E.L.C. DUNN e T. DOBZHANSKY, 1950, Principies of Genetics, McGraw-Hill, N. York e Londres.

[46] 46. METCALF, M.M. - Parasites and the aid they give in problems of taxonomy, gecgraphical d'stribution, and paleogeography. Smithson. Misc. Coll., 81: 1-36, Washington, D.C., 1929.

[47] 47. MOBIUS, K., 1877 - Die Anster und die Austernwirtschaft. Wiegundt, Hempel & Parey, Berlim. Traduzido e reimpresso em KORMONDY, E.J., 1965. Readings in Ecology. Prentice -Hall, Inc., N. Jersey.

[48] 48. NEUMAN, L. G. D. - Traité des Maladies Parasitaires Non-microbiennes des Animaux Domestiques. 2ª ed., Asselin & Houzeau, Paris. 1892.

[49] 49. ORGANIZATION MONDIAL DE LA SANTÉ - Technical Guide for a system of plague surveillance. WHO Wkly. Epidem. Rec., 14: 149-160, 1973.

[50] 50. PAVLOVSKY, E.N., s/d. - Natural Nidality of Transmissible Diseases. Trad. Yuri Shirokov, Peace Pul., Moscou.

[51] 51. PLATT, R. B. & GRIFFTHS, J. - Environmental Measurement and Interpretatim. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N. York, 1964.

[52] 52. PREMIER SYMPOSIUM SUR LA SPECIFICITÉ PARASITAIRE DAS PARASITES DE VRTÉBRÉS. Instituto de Zoologie de Neuchâtel, 1957.

[53] 53. RABAUD, F. - Phénomène Social et Sociétés Animales. Félix Alcan, Paris, 1937.

[54] 54. RENSCH B. - Evolution Above the Spedes Level. Methuen & Co. Ltd., Londres, 1959.

[55] 55. SACK, R.B. - The ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. In SLADEN, B.K. e F.B. BANG, esc. Biology of Populations. The Biological Basis of Public Health. Elsevier, N. York, 1969.

[56] 57. SCHROTER, C. & KIRCHNER, O. - Die Vegetation des Bodensees. Schriften Ver. fesch. Bodensees Umgeb., 25: 1-119, e 31: 1-80, 1895 e 1902.

[57] 58. SHELFORD, M. B. - Animal Communities in Temperate America. Bull. Geogr. Soc. Chicago, 5. Reimpresso em 1937, pela University of Chicago Press, 1913.

[58] 59. SINGER, C. - From Magic to Cience. Dover, N. York, 1958.

[59] 60. SIMPSON, G. G. - Tempo and Mode in Evolution. Columbia University Press. N. York. Reeditado atualizado como The Major Features in Evolution, 1953, Columbia University Press.

[60] 61. SIMPSON, G. G. Evolution and Geography. Eugene, Oregino, 1953.

[61] 62. STALLONES, R. A. - El Ambiente, la Ecologia y la Epidemiologia. 4.ª. Confer. OPS/OMS, Ciências Biomédicas, Publ. Ci. 231 OPS/OMS, Washington, D.C., 1971.

[62] 63. STEBBINS, Jr., G. L. - Variation and Evolution in Plants. Columbia Biological Series, 16, Columbia University Press, N. York, 1950.

[63] 64. SUTTON, O. G. - Micrometeorology. McGraw-Hill, N. York, 1953.

[64] 65. UNESCO - Functioning of Terrestrial Ecosystems at the Primary Production Levei. Proc. Copenhagen Symposium, F. E. ECKARDT, ed., Paris.

[65] 66. WALLACE, A. R. - Natural Selection and Tropical Nature. Macmillan Co., Londres, 1891.

[66] 67. WALLACE, A. A. - The World of Life. G. Bell & Sons, Londres, 1911.

[67] 68. WRIGHT, S. - Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics. 15: 323-354, 1931.