Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responses

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allison, A., 1979. Mode of action of immunological adjuvants. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc., 26(Suppl.):619–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison, A.C., Byars, N.E., 1991. Immunological adjuvants: desirable properties and side-effects. Mol. Immunol., 28(3):279–284. [doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(91)90074-T]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bangham, A.D., Horne, R.W., Glauert, A.M., Dingle, J.T., Lucy, J.A., 1962. Action of saponins on biological membranes. Nature, 196(4858):952–955. [doi: 10.1038/196952a0]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, I.G., Sjolander, A., Cox, J.C., 1998. ISCOMs and other saponin based adjuvants (review). Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 32(3):247–271. [doi: 10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00013-1]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bomford, R., 1998. Will Adjuvants be Needed for Vaccines of the Future? In: Brown, F., Haaheim, L.R. (Eds.), Modulation of the Immune Response to Vaccine Antigens, Vol. 92. Development in Biological Standardization, Basel, Karger, p.13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bomford, R., Stapleton, M., Winsor, S., Beesley, J.E., Jessup, E.A., Price, K.R., Fenwick, G.R., 1992. Adjuvanticity and ISCOM formation by structurally diverse saponins. Vaccine, 10(9):572–577. [doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(92)90435-M]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowersock, T.L., Martin, S., 1999. Vaccine delivery to animals. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 38(2):167–194. [doi: 10.1016/S0169-409X(99)00015-0]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byars, N.E., Allison, A.C., 1990. Immunologic Adjuvants: General Properties, Advantages, and Limitations. In: Zola, H. (Ed.), Laboratory Methods in Immunology. Boca Raton, CRC Press, p.39–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H.M., But, P.P., 1986. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 1. Singapore, World Scientific, p.1041.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavali, S.R., Campbell, J.B., 1987a. Immunomodulatory effects of orally-administered saponins and nonspecific resistance against rabies infection. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 84(2):129–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavali, S.R., Campbell, J.B., 1987b. Adjuvant effects of orally administered saponins on humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Immunobiology, 174(3):347–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavali, S.R., Francis, T., Campbell, J.B., 1987. An in-vitro study of immunomodulatory effects of some saponins. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 9(6):675–684. [doi: 10.1016/0192-0561(87)90038-5]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X.M., Xu, Y.J., Tian, G.Y., 2005. Physical-chemical properties and structure elucidation of abPS isolated from the root of Achyranthes bidentata. Acta Pharm. Sin., 40(1):32–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, D.T., Lin, J.R., Wong, W., 1994. The in vitro potentiation of LAK cell cytotoxicity in cancer and AIDS patients induced by F3-a fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus. Chin. J. Oncol., 16(3):167–171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Marshall, E., 2001. Bioterrorism. Vaccines for biodefense: a system in distress. Science, 294(5542):498–501. [doi: 10.1126/science.294.5542.498]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cossarini-Dunier, M., 1985. Effect of different adjuvants on the humoral immune response of rainbow trout. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 9(1):141–146. [doi: 10.1016/0145-305X(85)90067-9]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulter, A., Wong, T.Y., Drane, D., Bates, J., Macfarlan, R., Cox, J., 1998. Studies on experimental adjuvanted influenza vaccines: comparison of immune stimulating complexes Iscoms (T.M.) and oil-in-water vaccines. Vaccine, 16(11/12):1243–1253. [doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)80125-4]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, J.C., Coulter, A.R., 1992. Advances in Adjuvant Technology and Application. In: Yong, W.K. (Ed.), Animal Parasite Control Utilizing Bio-technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p.49–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, J.C., Coulter, A.R., 1997. Adjuvants—a classification and review of their modes of action. Vaccine, 15(3):248–256. [doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00183-1]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch, C.F., Daly, J., Henley, W., Hannant, D., Wilkins, J., Francis, M.J., 2005. The use of a systemic prime/mucosal boost strategy with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine to induce protective immunity in horses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 108(3–4):345–355. [doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.009]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtiss, R., 2002. Bacterial infectious disease control by vaccine development. J. Clin. Invest., 110(8):1061–1066. [doi: 10.1172/JCI200216941]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, K., 1987. Adjuvants. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol, 17(1–4):145–152. [doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(87)90135-8]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira, C.A.C., Perez, A.C., Merino, G., Prieto, J.G., Alvarez, A.I., 2001. Protective effects of Panax ginseng on muscle injury and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 130(3):369–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmas, F., Di Giorgio, C., Elias, R., Gasquet, M., Azas, N., Mshvildadze, V., Dekanosidze, G., Kemertelidze, E., Timon-David, P., 2000. Antileishmanial activity of three saponins isolated from ivy, alpha-hederin, beta-hederin and hederacolchiside A(1), as compared with their action on mammalian cells cultured in vitro. Planta Medica, 66(4):343–347. [doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8541]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, R., 1997. Adjuvants for the Future. In: Levine, M.M., Woodrow, G.C., Kaper, J.B., Cobon, G.S. (Eds.), New Generation Vaccines. Marcel Deker Inc., New York, p.173–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, T.G., McElrath, M.J., Matthews, T., Montefiori, D., Weinhold, K., Wolff, M., Keefer, M.C., Kallas, E.G., Corey, L., Gorse, G.J., et al., 2001. QS-21 promotes an adjuvant effect allowing for reduced antigen dose during HIV-1 envelope subunit immunization in humans. Vaccine, 19(15–16):2080–2091. [doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00415-1]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, D.T., 1997. Seeking wisdom in innate immunity. Nature, 388(6640):323–324. [doi: 10.1038/40967]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenwick, G.R., Price, K.R., Tsukamoto, C., Okubo, K., 1991. Saponins. In: Mello, F.J.P.D., Duffus, C.M., Duffus, J.H. (Eds.), Saponins in Toxic Substances in Crop Plants. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p.285–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, G., Kerem, Z., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal system: a review. Br. J. Nutr., 88(6):587–605. [doi: 10.1079/BJN2002725]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, X.M., Wu, Y.Z., 1996. Research actuality and tendency of immune adjuvant. Chin. J. Vet. Drug, 1:41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayson, T.H., Williams, R.J., Wrathmell, A.B., Munn, C.B., Harris, J.E., 1987. Effects of immunopotentiating agents on the immune response of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to ERM vaccine. J. Fish Biol., 31(sa):195–202. [doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05313x]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, R.K., 1998. Aluminum compounds as a vaccine adjuvants. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 32(3):155–172. [doi: 10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00008-8]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, R.K., Relyveld, E.H., Lindblad, E.B., Bizzini, B., Ben-Efraim, S., Gupta, C.K., 1993. Adjuvants—a balance between toxicity and adjuvanticity. Vaccine, 11(3):293–306. [doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(93)90190-9]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, R.K., Rost, B.E., Relyveld, E., Siber, G.R., 1995. Adjuvant properties of aluminum and calcium compounds. Pharm. Biotechnol., 6:229–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haridas, V., Arntzen, C.J., Gutterman, J.U., 2001. Avicins, a family of triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham), inhibit activation of nuclear factor-kappa B by inhibiting both its nuclear localization and ability to bind DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98(20):11557–11562. [doi: 10.1073/pnas.191363498]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haridas, V., Hanausek, M., Nishimura, G., Soehnge, H., Gaikwad, A., Narog, M., Spears, E., Zoltaszek, R., Walaszek, Z., Gutterman, J.U., 2004. Triterpenoid electrophiles (avicins) activate the innate stress response by redox regulation of a gene battery. J. Clin. Invest., 113(1):65–73. [doi: 10.1172/JCI200418699]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helgeby, A., Robson, N.C., Donachie, A.M., Beackock-Sharp, H., Lovgren, K., Schon, K., Mowat, A., Lycke, N.Y., 2006. The combined CTA1-DD/ISCOM adjuvant vector promotes priming of mucosal and systemic immunity to incorporated antigens by specific targeting of B cells. J. Immunol., 176(6):3697–3706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S., Concha, C., Cooray, R., Holmberg, O., 1995. Ginseng enhanced oxidative and phagocytic activities of polymorphonulear leukocytes from bovine peripheral blood and stripping milk. Vet. Res., 26(3):155–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S., Concha, C., Johannisson, A., Meglia, G., Waller, K.P., 2001. Effect of subcutaneous injection of ginseng on cows with sub-clinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J. Vet. Med. Sci. B, 48(7):519–528. [doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00470.x]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, R.L., Olsen, M.R., Bennett, B., 1995. Copolymer Adjuvants and TiterMax®. In: Stewart-Tull, D.E.S. (Ed.), The Theory and Practical Application of Adjuvants. Wiley, New York, p.51–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, N.E., Fairbrother, W.J., Kensil, C.R., Lim, A., Wheeler, D.A., Powell, M.F., 1996. Structure of the saponin adjuvant QS-21 and its base-catalyzed isomerization product by 1H and natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Res., 280(1):1–14. [doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00278-2]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, R., Simms, J.R., Heath, A.W., 1998. Adjuvants and Delivery Systems for Viral Vaccines-Mechanisms and Potential. In: Brown, F., Haaheim, L.R. (Eds.), Modulation of the Immune Response to Vaccine Antigens, Vol. 92. Development in Biological Standardization, Basel, Karger, p.19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jie, Y.H., Cammisuli, S., Baggliolini, M., 1984. Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng CA Meyer in the mouse. Agents Actions, 15(3–4):386–391. [doi: 10.1007/BF01972376]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, C.D., 1996. Advances on analytical methods of the chemical constituents of ginseng. Chin. Herb. Med., 27:631–633.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaeberle, M.L., 1986. Functions of Current Adjuvants in Induction of Immune Response. In: Nervig, R.M., Gough, P.M., Kaeberle, M.L., Whetstone, C.A. (Eds.), Advances in Carriers and Adjuvants for Veterinary Biologics, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, p.11–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kensil, C.R., 1996. Saponins as vaccine adjuvants. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst., 13(1–2):1–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kensil, C.R., Patel, U., Lennick, M., Marciani, D., 1991. Separation and characterization of saponins with adjuvant activity from Quillaja-saponaria molina cortex. J. Immunol., 146(2):431–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kensil, C.R., Wu, J.Y., Soltysik, S., 1995. Structural and Immunological Characterization of the Vaccine Adjuvant QS-21. In: Powell, M.F., Newman, M.J. (Eds.), Vaccine Design. The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. Plenum Press, New York, p.525–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, A.H., El-Adawy, T.A., 1994. Isolation, identification and toxicity of saponin from different legumes. Food Chem., 50(2):197–201. [doi: 10.1016/0308-8146(94)90120-1]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong, X., Hu, Y., Rui, R., Wang, D., Li, X., 2004. Effects of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients on peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titer after vaccination in chicken. Int. Immunopharmacol., 4(7):975–982. [doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.03.008]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacaille-Dubois, M.A., Hanquet, B., Cui, Z.H., Lou, Z.C., Wagner, H., 1999. A new biologically active acylated triterpene saponin from Silene fortunei. J. Nat. Prod., 62(1):133–136. [doi: 10.1021/np980172y]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.C., Hu, X.G., Zhang, W.X., Xie, L.W., Zhang, H.Y., Dong, L., Cai, X.H., Wu, R.X., Zhang, Z.X., He, Q.S., 2003. Eosinophils apoptosis, fas mRNA and bcl-2 mRNA expressions in asthma model of young rat and effects of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides. Chin. J. Pediatr., 41(9):657–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J.X., Hareyama, T., Tezuka, Y., Zhang, Y., Miyahara, T., Kadota, S., 2005. Five new oleanolic acid glycosides from Achyranthes bidentata with inhibitory activity on osteoclast formation. Planta Med., 71(7):673–679. [doi: 10.1055/s-2005-871275]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M., Zhang, J., 1995. Stimulatory effect of ginsenosides Rg1 aged rats. Yao Xue Bao, 30:818–823 (in Chinese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M., Zhang, J., 1996. Studies on the mechanisms of immunoregulatory effects of ginsenosides Rg1 in aged rats. Yao Xue Bao, 31:95–100 (in Chinese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Wang, S., Liu, H., Yang, L., Nan, G., 1995. Stimulatory effect on saponin from Panax ginseng on immune function of lymphocytes in the elderly. Mech. Ageing Dev., 83(1):43–53 (in Chinese). [doi: 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01618-A]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, G., Anderson, C., Scaltreto, H., Barbon, J., Kensil, C.R., 2002. QS-21 structure/function studies: effect of acylation on adjuvant activity. Vaccine, 20(21–22):2808–2815. [doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00209-8]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovgren, K., Lindmark, J., Pipkorn, R., Morein, B., 1987. Antigen presentation of small molecules and synthetic peptides conjugated to a performed ISCOM as carrier. J. Immunol. Meth., 98(1):137–143. [doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(87)90447-9]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marciani, D.J., Press, J.B., Reynolds, R.C., 2000. Development of semisynthetic triterpenoid saponin derivatives with immune stimulating activity. Vaccine, 18(27):3141–3151. [doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00118-3]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marciani, D.J., Pathak, A.K., Reynolds, R.C., Seitz, L., May, R.D., 2001. Altered immunomodulating and toxicological properties of degraded Quillaja saponaria Molina saponins. Int. Immunopharmacol., 1(4):813–818. [doi: 10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00016-9]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McElrath, M.J., 1995. Selection of potent immunological adjuvants for vaccine construction. Semin. Cancer Biol., 6(6):375–385. [doi: 10.1016/1044-579X(95)90007-1]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morein, B., Sundquist, B., Höglund, S., Dalsgaard, K., Osterhaus, A., 1984. Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature, 308(5958):457–460. [doi: 10.1038/308457a0]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mowat, A.M., Donachie, A.M., Reid, G., Jarrett, O., 1991. Immune-stimulating complexes containing Quil A and protein antigen prime Class I MHC-restricted T lymphocytes in-vivo and are immunogenic by the oral route. Immunology, 72(3):317–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mowat, A.M., Smith, R.E., Donachie, A.M., Furrie, E., Grdic, D., Lycke, N., 1999. Oral vaccination with immune stimulating complexes. Immunol. Lett., 65(1–2):133–140. [doi: 10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00136-9]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oda, K., Matsuda, H., Murakami, T., Katayama, S., Ohgitani, T., Yoshikawa, M., 2000. Adjuvant and haemolytic activities of 47 saponins derived from medicinal and food plants. Biol. Chem., 381(1):67–74. [doi: 10.1515/BC.2000.009]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oda, K., Matsuda, H., Murakami, T., Katayama, S., Ohgitani, T., Yoshikawa, M., 2003. Relationship between adjuvant activity and amphipathic structure of soyasaponins. Vaccine, 21(17–18):2145–2151. [doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00739-9]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plohmann, B., Bader, G., Hiller, K., Franz, G., 1997. Immunomodulatory and antitumoral effects of triterpenoid saponins. Pharmazie, 52(12):953–957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riguera, R., 1997. Isolating bioactive compounds from marine organisms. J. Marine Biotechnol., 5:187–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, E., Ekholm, P.F., Inganas, M., Paulie, S., Gronvik, K.O., 2005. The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. Vaccine, 23(46–47):5411–5419. [doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.007]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronnberg, B., Fekadu, M., Behboudi, S., Kenne, L., Morein, B., 1997. Effects of carbohydrate modification of Quillaja saponaria Molina QH-B fraction on adjuvant activity, cholesterolbinding capacity and toxicity. Vaccine, 15(17–18):1820–1826. [doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00139-4]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M.T., Brown, L.E., Deliyannis, G., Pearse, M.J., 2005. ISCOM-based vaccines: the second decade. Immunol. Cell Biol., 83(2):119–128. [doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01319.x]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, S., Sumino, K., Hamajima, K., Fukushima, J., Ishii, N., Kawamoto, S., Mohri, H., Kensil, C.R., Okuda, K., 1998. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a DNA vaccine formulated with QS-21 saponin adjuvant via intramuscular and intranasal routes. J. Virol., 72(6):4931–4939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scaglione, F., Ferrara, F., Dugnani, S., Falchi, M., Santoro, G., Fraschini, F., 1990. Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 16(10):537–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M., O’Hagan, D.T., 2003. Invited review recent advances in veterinary vaccine adjuvants. Int. J. Parasitol., 33(5–6):469–478. [doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00053-5]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjölander, A., Drane, D., Maraskovsky, E., Scheerlinck, J., Suhrbier, A., Tennent, J., Pearse, M., 2001. Immune responses to ISCOM formulations in animal and primate models. Vaccine, 19(17–19):2661–2665. [doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00497-7]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolina, T.P., Solov’eva, T.F., Besednova, N.N., 2001. Immunotropic activity of panaxans-bioglycans isolated from ginseng. Antibiot. Khimioter., 46(7):19–22 (in Russian).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • So, H.S., Yoon, H.S., Kwoon, Y.S., Sung, J.H., Lee, T.G., Park, E.N., Cho, H.S., Lee, B.M., Cho, J.M., Ryu, W.S., 1997. Effect of a novel saponin adjuvant derived from Quillaja saponaria on immune response to recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Mol. Cells, 7(2):178–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steven, F., Yue, C., 1992. Herbal Emissaries: Bringing Chinese Herbs to the West: A Guide to Gardening, Herbal Wisdom, and Well-Being. Healing Arts Press, Rochester, VT, p.61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, H.X., 2006. Adjuvant effect of Achyranthes bidentata saponins on specific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine, 24(17):3432–3439. [doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.014]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, H., Yang, Z., Ye, Y., 2006a. Structure and biological activity of protopanaxatriol-type saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Int. Immunopharmacol., 6(1):14–25. [doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2005.07.003]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, K., Wang, C.S., Guo, J., Liu, Y.Y., Wang, F., Liu, L.Y., He, J.G., Fan, J.Y., Han, J.Y., 2006b. Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on lipopolysaccharide-induced adhesion of leukocytes in rat mesenteric venules. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 34(1–2):103–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, H., Takeshita, T., Morein, B., Putney, S., Germain, R.N., Berzofsky, J.A., 1990. Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by immunization with purified HIV-1 envelope protein in ISCOMs. Nature, 344(6269):873–875. [doi:10.1038/344873a0]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, F.R., 1995. Immunologic adjuvants for modern vaccine formulations. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 754 (1 combined vacc):153–160. [doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44448.x]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, F.R., 1998. Adjuvants in Perspective. In: Brown, F., Haaheim, L.R. (Eds.), Modulation of the Immune Response to Vaccine Antigens, Vol. 92. Development in Biological Standardization, Basel, Karger, p.241–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, F.R., Powell, M.F., 1995. A Compendium of Vaccine Adyuvantes and Excipients. In: Powell, M.F., Neuman, M.J. (Eds.), Vaccine Design, the Subunit and Adyuvant Approach. Plenum Press, New York, p.141–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X.J., Zhu, L.Z., 1996. Studies on the saponin constituents of Niuxi (Achyrathes Bidentata). J. Fourth Mil. Med. Univ., 17(6):427–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M.Z., Gao, F.Y., Zhang, G.D., Zhang, S.R., 1979. Analysis of ginseng. Acta Pharm. Sin., 14(5):309–315 (in Chinese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Qian, X.J., Hadley, H.R., Lau, B.H., 1992. Phytochemicals potentiate interleukin-2 generated lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity against murine renal cell carcinoma. Mol. Biother., 4(3):143–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M., Guilbert, L.J., Ling, L., Li, J., Wu, Y., Xu, S., Pang, P., Shan, J.J., 2001. Immunomodulating activity of CTV-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax equinquefolium). J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 53(11):1515–1523. [doi:10.1211/0022357011777882]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, H.S., Chedid, L.A., 1988. Future prospects for vaccine adjuvants. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 8(2):83–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S., Hua, Z.J., Xio, Y.L., Wang, Y., 1991. Effect of Ginsengopolypeptide on the 3H-TdR integration of human blood lymphocyte. Chin. Med. J., 104(5):399–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G.Z., Bao, T., Fu, N., Gen, P.L., 1983. A preliminary study on the immunomodulatory effects of ginseng saponins in vitro and in vivo. J. Norman. Bethune Univ. Med. Sci., 9:1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z.G., Sun, H.X., Fang, W.H., 2005. Haemolytic activities and adjuvant effect of Astragalus membranaceus saponins (AMS) on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine, 23(44):5196–5203. [doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.06.016]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yesilada, E., Bedir, E., Calis, I., Takaishi, Y., Ohmoto, Y., 2005. Effects of triterpene saponins from Astragalus species on in vitro cytokine release. J. Ethnopharmacol., 96(1–2): 71–77. [doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.036]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, Y., Wang, M.Q., Shan, B.E., Yamashita, U., 1997. Immunomodulating activity of Chinese medical herbs and Oldenlandia diffusa in particular. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 19(7):359–370. [doi:10.1016/S0192-0561(97)00076-3]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshiki, Y., Kudou, S., Okubo, K., 1998. Relationship between chemical structures and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from soybean (review). Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 62(12):2291–2299. [doi:10.1271/bbb.62.2291]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yui, S., Ubukata, K., Hodono, K., Kitahara, M., Mimaki, Y., Kuroda, M., Sashida, Y., Yamazaki, M., 2001. Macrophage-oriented cytotoxic activity of novel triterpene saponins extracted from roots of Securidaca inappendiculata. Int. Immunopharmacol., 1(11):1989–2000. [doi:10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00126-6]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China

    Rajput Zahid Iqbal, Hu Song-hua & Xiao Chen-wen

  2. Department of Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, 70060, Pakistan

    Arijo Abdullah G.

Authors
  1. Rajput Zahid Iqbal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hu Song-hua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiao Chen-wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Arijo Abdullah G.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hu Song-hua.

Additional information

Project (No. 2004C32047) supported by the Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, China

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rajput, Z.I., Hu, Sh., Xiao, Cw. et al. Adjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responses. J. Zhejiang Univ. - Sci. B 8, 153–161 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.B0153

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.B0153

Key words

CLC number

Search

Navigation