Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2023, 50(1):1-11 | DOI: 10.17221/69/2022-HORTSCI

Inorganic and organic foliar fertilization in olivesReview

Savros Sotiropoulos1, Christos Chatzissavvidis2, Ioannis Papadakis3, Viktor Kavvadias4, Christos Paschalidis1, Chrysovalantou Antonopoulou2, Antonia Koriki1
1 School of Agriculture and Food, University of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
2 Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
3 Department of Plant Production Science, School of Plant Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
3 Department of Soil Science of Athens, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Lykovrisi, Greece

The application of nutrient solutions to the foliage of plants is an alternative means to fertilise crops. Foliar fertilisation is used to overcome the disadvantages of soil applications. Variable plant responses to these foliar fertilisation spray solutions have often been described in the literature. However, knowledge about the penetration mechanisms, the role of a leaf-applied inorganic or organic solution, and the results obtained by its application is still limited. The complex character of the factors determining the effects of sprays hinders the development of suitable foliar fertilisation strategies, applicable under variable local conditions and for various plant types. This review describes some basic factors involved in the penetration process of foliar sprays in olive (Olea europaea L.) trees. Chemistry, leaf penetration, and plant nutrition principles will be merged with the aim of clarifying the constraints, opportunities, and future perspectives of sprays to cure olive tree nutrient deficiencies and, hence, both increase the yield and improve the fruit quality.

Keywords: deficiency; fertilization; nutrient; olive; penetration; sprays

Prepublished online: March 10, 2023; Published: March 27, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Sotiropoulos S, Chatzissavvidis C, Papadakis I, Kavvadias V, Paschalidis C, Antonopoulou C, Koriki A. Inorganic and organic foliar fertilization in olives. CAAS Agricultural Journals. 2023;50(1):1-11. doi: 10.17221/69/2022-HORTSCI.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Asenjo M.C.G., Gonzalez J.L., Maldonado J.M. (2000): Influence of humic extracts on germination and growth of ryegrass. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 31: 101-114. Go to original source...
    2. Atta N., Mohamed E. (2017): Effect of foliar fertilization for olive trees on bioactive compounds, purity, and organoleptic attributes of olive oils. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 95: 769-785. Go to original source...
    3. Azad A.M., Ibrahim Z.R. Abdurrahman A.S. (2014): Effect of foliar spray of humic acid, ascorbic acid, cultivars and their interactions on growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) transplants cvs. Khithairy and Sorany. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7: 18-30. Go to original source...
    4. Barranco D., Ercan H., Munoz-Diez C., Belaj A., Arquero O. (2010): Factors influencing the efficiency of foliar sprays of monopotassium phosphate in the olive. International Journal of Plant Production, 4: 235-240.
    5. Beutel J., Uriu K., Lilleland O. (1983): Leaf analysis for California deciduous fruits. In: Soil and Plant Tissue Testing in California, University of California Bulletin, 1879: 15-17.
    6. Bienes R., Rodríguez Rastrero M., Gumuzzio Fernández J., García-Díaz A., Sastre B.E., Gumuzzio Such A. (2018): Methodology for edaphoclimatic assessment of olive cultivation: Application to the area of the quality mark "Olive Oil Madrid" (Spain). Spanish Journal of Soil Science, 8: 74-101. Go to original source...
    7. Brazee R.D., Bukovac M.J., Zhu H. (2004): Diffusion model for plant cuticular penetration by spray-applied weak organic acid bioregulator in presence or absence of ammonium nitrate. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 47: 629-635. Go to original source...
    8. Brown P.H., Shelp B.J. (1997): Boron mobility in plants. Plant and Soil, 193: 85-101. Go to original source...
    9. Chatzissavvidis C., Antonopoulou C., Therios I., Almaliotis D. (2011): Treatments of B deficient olive (Olea europaea L. cv. 'Chondrolia Chalkidikis') trees with a soil and a foliar fertilizer containing B and their effect on nutrient status and yield. Conference: Olivebioteq 2011, 4th International Conference on 'Olive Culture and Biotechnology of Olive Tree Products', Chania, Crete, Greece: 449-454.
    10. Chatzissavvidis C., Therios I. (2010): Response of four olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars to six B concentrations: Growth performance, nutrient status and gas exchange parameters. Scientia Horticulturae, 127: 29-38. Go to original source...
    11. Chatzissavvidis C., Therios I., Antonopoulou C. (2004): Seasonal variation of nutrient concentration in two olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars irrigated with high boron water. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 79: 683-688. Go to original source...
    12. Chouliaras V., Tasioula M., Chatzissavvidis C., Therios I., Tsabolatidou E. (2008): The effects of a seaweed extract in addition to nitrogen and boron fertilization on productivity, fruit maturation, leaf nutritional status and oil quality of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar Koroneiki. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89: 984-988. Go to original source...
    13. Connell J.H., Vossen, P.M. (2007): Organic olive orchard nutrition. In: Vossen, P.M., Ed., Organic olive production manual, Publication 3505, University of California, Oakland, California, 37-43.
    14. D'Amato R., De Feudis M., Hasuoka P.E., Regni L., Pacheco P.H., Onofri A., Businelli D., Proietti P. (2018): The selenium supplementation influences olive tree production and oil stability against oxidation and can alleviate the water deficiency effects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 1191. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Dabbaghi O., Tekaya M., M'barki N., Ouled Ali S., Öden S., Mezghani M. A., Attia F., Labidi F., Prinsen E., Hammami M., Mechri B. (2018a): Effect of foliar bio-fertilization on growth and biochemical parameters of olive trees at flowering. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41: 2281-2297. Go to original source...
    16. Dabbaghi O., Tekaya M., Öden S., Willems T., Attia F., Hammami M., Prinsen E., Mechri B. (2018b): Foliar application of bio-fertilizers influenced the endogenous concentrations of phytohormones and amino acids in leaves and roots of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. 'Chemlali'). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13: 1777-1786. Go to original source...
    17. Dag A., Ben-David E., Kerem Z., Ben-Gal A., Erel R., Basheer L., Yermiyahu U. (2009): Olive oil composition as a function of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89: 1871-1878. Go to original source...
    18. D'Amato R., Proietti P., Onofri A., Regni L., Esposto S., Servili M., Businelli D., Selvaggini R. (2017): Biofortification (Se): Does it increase the content of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil (VOO)? PLoS One, 12: 0176580. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. D'Amato R., Regni L., Falcinelli B., Mattioli S., Benincasa P., Dal Bosco A., Pacheco P., Proietti P., Troni E., Santi C., Businelli D. (2020): Current knowledge on selenium biofortification to improve the nutraceutical profile of food: A comprehensive review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68: 4075-4097. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. De Sanfillippo E.C., Arguello J.A., Abdala, G., Orioli G.A. (1990): Content of auxin-inhibitor-and gibberellin-like substances in humic acids. Biologia Plantarum, 32: 346-351. Go to original source...
    21. Desouky I. M., Hagagg L.F., Abd El-Migged M.M.M., Kishk Y.F.M., El-Hady E.S. (2009): Effect of boron and calcium nutrients sprays on fruit set, oil content and oil quality of some olive oil cultivars. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5: 180-185.
    22. El-Fouly M.M., El-Tawee A.A., Osman I.M.S., El-Din I.S., Shaaban S.H.A. (2014): Nutrient removal from different parts of Koroneiki olive trees grown in sandy soil as a base of fertilizer re-commendation in Egypt. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4: 1718-1728. Go to original source...
    23. El‑Hady E.S., Merwad M.A., Shahin M. F.M., Haggag L.F. (2020): Influence of foliar spray with some calcium sources on flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of olive Kalamata and Manzanillo cultivars under salt stress. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44: 1-6. Go to original source...
    24. Erel R., Yermiyahu U., Ben-Gal A., Dag A., Schwartz A. (2014): Sodium replacement of potassium in physiological processes of olive trees (var. Barnea) as affected by drought. Tree Physiology, 34: 1102-1117. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Erel R., Yermiyahu U., Ben-Gal A., Dag A., Shapira O., Schwartz A. (2015): Modification of non-stomatal limitation and photoprotection due to K and Na nutrition of olive trees. Journal of Plant Physiology, 177: 1-10. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Fageria N. K., M.P. Barbosa Filho, A. Moreira C., Guimarães M. (2009): Foliar fertilization of crop plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32: 1044-1064. Go to original source...
    27. Fawy H.A. (2015): Foliar application of organic acids and antioxidants impact on fruit yield and quality of fig and olive trees in some valleys of Northwestern Coast of Egypt. Minufiya Journal of Agricultural Resesearch, 40: 1629-1645.
    28. Fernández V., Gil-Pelegrin E., Eichert T. (2021): Foliar water and solute absorption: an update. The Plant Journal, 105: 870-883. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Fernández V., Sotiropoulos T., Brown P.H. (2013): Foliar fertilization: Principles and practices. Paris: International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA).
    30. Fernández-Escobar R. (2019): Olive nutritional status and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 1151. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Fernández-Escobar R., Barranco D., Benlloch M. (1993): Overcoming iron chlorosis in olive and peach trees using a low-pressure trunk-injection method. HortScience, 28: 192-194. Go to original source...
    32. Fernández-Escobar R., Beltran G., Sanchez-Zamora M.A., Garcia-Novelo J., Aguilera M.P., Uceda M. (2006): Olive oil quality decreases with nitrogen over-fertilization. HortScience, 41: 215-219. Go to original source...
    33. Fernández-Escobar R., Benlloch Barranco D., Dueñas A., Gutérrezgañán J.A. (1996): Response of olive trees to foliar application of humic substances extracted from leonardite. Scientia Horticulturae, 66: 191-200. Go to original source...
    34. Fernández-Escobar R., Garcia-Novelo J.M., Restrepo-Diaz H. (2011): Mobilization of nitrogen in the olive bearing shoots after foliar application of urea. Scientia Horticulturae, 127: 452-454. Go to original source...
    35. Fernández-Escobar R., Sanchez-Zamora M.A., Garcia-Novelo J.M., Molina-Soria C. (2015): Nutrient removal from olive trees by fruit yield and pruning. HortScience, 50: 474-478. Go to original source...
    36. Ferreira I.Q., Rodrigues M.Â., Arrobas M. (2019): Soil and foliar applied boron in olive: tree crop growth and yield, and boron remobilization within plant tissues. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research: 17: e0901. Go to original source...
    37. Ferreira J., Pastor M., Magallanes M. (1978): Trials with mineral nutrition of olive tree's leaves. In: Seminaire sur L' Olivier et Autres Plantes Oleagineuses Cultivees en Tunisie; Centre National de Documentation Agricole: Mahdia, Tunisia.
    38. Gavalas N. (1978): The Inorganic Nutrition and Fertilization of the Olive. Benakeio Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece: 82.
    39. Gouvinhas I., Barros A. I. (2020): Effect of foliar pre-harvest calcium application on the mineral and phytochemical composition of olive oils. Proceedings, 70: 66. Go to original source...
    40. Haberman A., Dag A., Erel R., Zipori I., Shtern N., Ben-Gal A., Yermiyahu U. (2021): Long-term impact of phosphorous fertilization on yield and alternate bearing in intensive irrigated olive cultivation. Plants, 10: 1821. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Haggag L.F., Abd El-Migeed M.M.M., Attia M.F., Shahin M.F.M., Genaidy E.A.E., Mustafa N.S. (2015): Influence of spraying zinc sulphate before and during blooming stage on fruit quality and quantity of "Manzanillo" olives. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 11: 875-888.
    42. Haggag L.F., Shahin M.F.M., El-Migeed M.M.M. (2011): Effect of rates and methods of calcium nitrate application on vegetative growth of Dolcy olive seedlings. American-Eurasian Journla of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 11: 802-806.
    43. Haggag L.F., Shahin M.F.M., Mahdy M.A., Eman H.A., El-Hady S. (2013): Effect of spraying humic acid during fruit set stage on fruit quality and quantity of Picual olive trees grown under Sinai condition. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 9: 1484-1489.
    44. Hegazi E.S., El-Motaium R.A., Yehia T.A., Hashim M.E. (2018): Effect of foliar boron application on boron, chlorophyll, phenol, sugars and hormones concentration of olive (Olea europaea L.) buds, leaves, and fruits. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41: 749-765. Go to original source...
    45. Hernández-Hernandez G., Salazar D.M., Martínez-Tomé J., López-Cortés I. (2019): The use of biostimulants in high-density olive. Growing: Quality and production. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Researh, 10: 1-11. Go to original source...
    46. Huber D., Römheld V., Weinmann M. (2012): Relationship between nutrition, plant diseases and pests. In: Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants: 283-298. Go to original source...
    47. Inglese P., Gullo G., Pace L.S. (2002): Fruit growth and olive oil quality in relation to foliar nutrition and time of application. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 586: 507-509. Go to original source...
    48. Jordáo P.V., Duarte L., Calouro F., Silva A. (1990): Relationship between fruit and foliar mineral levels in twenty olive cultivars grown in Portugal. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 286: 267-270. Go to original source...
    49. Larbi A., Kchaou H., Gaaliche B., Gargouri K., Boulal H., Morales F. (2019): Supplementary potassium and calcium improves salt tolerance in olive plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 260: 08912. Go to original source...
    50. Mahmoud T.M., Mohamed E.A., El-Sharony T.F. (2017): Influence of foliar application with potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and oil quality of "Koroneiki" olive trees. American Journal of Food Technology, 12: 209-220. Go to original source...
    51. Maksoud M.A., Saleh M.A., El-Shamma M.S., Fouad A.A. (2009): The beneficial effect of biofertilizers and antioxidants on olive trees under calcareous soil conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5: 350-352.
    52. Methenni K., Ben M., Issam A., Abderrazek N., Ben S., Mokhtar A., Nabiland Z., Yousse B. (2018): Salicylic acid and calcium pretreatments alleviate the toxic effect of salinity in the Oueslati olive variety. Scientia Horticulturae, 233: 349-358. Go to original source...
    53. Mikhail E. G., Goargios K. G. (2014): Effect of calcium nitrate and gibberellic acid foliar sprays on fruiting and fruit quality of "Manzanillo" and "Dolce" olive cvs. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 41: 169-182. Go to original source...
    54. Molina-Soria C., Fernández-Escobar R. (2012): A proposal of new critical leaf nitrogen concentrations in olive. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 949: 283-286. Go to original source...
    55. Morales-Sillero A., Lodolini E. M., Paz Suárez M., Navarrete V., Jiménez M.R., Casanova L., Gregori L., Rallo P., Martín-Vertedor D. (2020): Calcium applications throughout fruit development enhance olive quality, oil yield, and antioxidant compounds' content. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101: 1944-1952. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Mostafa S., El-Taweel A.A., Aly A.A. (2016): Use efficiency of cyanobacteria and olive vegetation water (Cyano/Ovw) biofertilizer for olive trees under different mineral NPK levels. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 43: 77-107. Go to original source...
    57. Nable R.O., Banuelos G.S., Paull J.G. (1997): Boron toxicity. Plant and soil 193: 181-198. Go to original source...
    58. Naeem M., Basit A., Ahmad I., Mohamed H.I., Wasila H. (2020): Effect of salicylic acid and salinity stress on the performance of tomato plants. Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature. Gesunde Pflanzen, 72: 393-402. Go to original source...
    59. Pandey R. (2015): Mineral nutrition of plants. Nable R.O., Banuelos G.S., Paull J.G. (1997): Boron toxicity. Plant and Soil 193: 181-198. Go to original source...
    60. Perica S., Bellaloui N., Greve C., Hu H., Brown P.H. (2001b): Boron transport and soluble carbohydrate concentrations in olive. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 126: 291-296. Go to original source...
    61. Perica S., Brown P.H., Connell J.H., Nyomora A.M.S., Dordas C., Hu H., Stangoulis J. (2001a): Foliar boron application improves flower fertility and fruit set of olive. HortScience, 36: 714-716. Go to original source...
    62. Petridis A., Therios I., Samouris G., Tananaki Ch. (2012): Salinity-induced changes in phenolic compounds in leaves and roots of four olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) and their relationship to antioxidant activity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 79: 37-43. Go to original source...
    63. Poffenroth M., Green D. B., Tallman G. (1991): Sugar concentrations in guard cells of Vicia faba illuminated with red or blue light. Plant Physiology, 98: 1460-1471. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Regni L., Del Buono D., Miras-Moreno B., Senizza B., Lucini L., Trevisan M., Morelli Venturi D., Costantino F., Proietti P. (2021): Biostimulant effects of an aqueous extract of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on physiological and biochemical traits in the olive tree. Agriculture, 11: 1299. Go to original source...
    65. Regni L., Proietti P. (2019): Effects of nitrogen foliar fertilization on the vegetative and productive performance of the olive tree and on oil quality. Agriculture, 9: 252 Go to original source...
    66. Reid R.J., Hayes J.E., Post A., Stangoulis J.C.R., Graham R.D. (2004): A critical analysis of the causes of boron toxicity in plants. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25: 1405-1414. Go to original source...
    67. Restrepo-Diaz H., Benlloch M., Fernández-Escobar R. (2009): Leaf potassium accumulation in olive plants related to nutritional K status, leaf age, and foliar application of potassium salts. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32: 1108-1121. Go to original source...
    68. Rodrigues M.A., Ferreira I.Q., Claro A.M., Arrobas M. (2012): Fertilizer recommendations for olive based upon nutrients removed in crop and pruning. Scientia Horticulturae, 142: 205-211. Go to original source...
    69. Saadati S., Baninasab B., Mobli M., Gholami M. (2020): Foliar application of potassium to improve the freezing tolerance of olive leaves by increasing some osmolyte compounds and antioxidant activity. Scientia Horticulturae, 276: 109765. Go to original source...
    70. Saadati S., Moallemi N., Mortazavi S.M.H., Seyyednejad S.M. (2013): Effects of zinc and boron foliar application on soluble carbohydrate and oil contents of three olive cultivars during fruit ripening. Scientia Horticulturae, 164: 30-34. Go to original source...
    71. Sanzani S.M., Schena L., Nigro F., Sergeeva V., Ippolito A., Salerno M.G. (2012): Abiotic diseases of olive. Journal of Plant Pathology, 94: 469-491.
    72. Savvas D., Ntatsi G. (2015): Biostimulant activity of silicon in horticulture. Scientia Horticulturae, 196: 66-81. Go to original source...
    73. Saykhul A., Chatzissavvidis C., Therios I., Dimassi K., Chatzistathis T. (2014): Growth and nutrient status of olive plants as influenced by foliar potassium applications. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 14: 602-615. Go to original source...
    74. Sayyad-Amin P., Shahsavar A.R., Aslmoshtaghi E. (2015): Study on foliar application nitrogen, boron and zinc on olive tree. Trakya Journal of Sciences, 2: 131-136. Go to original source...
    75. Schapire A.L., Valpuesta V., Botella M.A. (2009): Plasma membrane repair in plants. Trends in Plant Science, 14: 645-652. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Servili M., Montedoro G. (2002): Contribution of phenolic compounds to virgin olive oil quality. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 104: 602-613. Go to original source...
    77. Sotiropoulos S., Chatzissavvidis C., Papadakis I., Kavvadias V., Paschalidis C., Antonopoulou C., Koriki A. (2020): Effects of foliar organic fertilization on "Κoroneiki" olive trees in Greece. Agriculture & Food, 8: 309-316.
    78. Sourour M.S.M., Eman E.K. Abdella, Wafaa, El-Sisy A. (2011): Growth and productivity of olive tree as influenced by foliar spray of some micronutrient. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 10: 23-39.
    79. Southwick S.M., Olson W., Yeager J., Weis K.G. (1996): Optimum timing of potassium nitrate spray applications to 'French' prune trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 121: 326-333. Go to original source...
    80. Tekaya M., El-Gharbi S., Mechri B., Chehab H., Bchir A., Chraief I., Ayachi M., Boujnah D., Attia F., Hammami M. (2016): Improving performance of olive trees by the enhancement of key physiological parameters of olive leaves in response to foliar fertilization. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38: 101. Go to original source...
    81. Tekaya M., Mechri B., Bchir A., Attia F., Cheheb H., Daassa M., Hammami M. (2013): Enhancement of antioxidants in olive oil by foliar fertilization of olive trees. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 90: 1377-1386. Go to original source...
    82. Therios I. (2009): Olives: Crop Production Science in Horticulture. CABI. Go to original source...
    83. Voogt W., Blok Ch., Eveleens B., Marcelis L., Bindraban P. (2013): Foliar Fertilizer Application. Preliminary review. Technical Report, January 2013.
    84. Yousef A.R.M., Mostafa E.A.M., Saleh M.M.S. (2011): Response of olive seedlings to foliar sprays with amino acids and some micro elements. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2: 1108-1112. Go to original source...
    85. Zipori I., Yermiyahu U., Tugendhaft Y., Ben-Gal A., Dag A. (2018): The response of olive (Olea europaea) trees to zinc nutrition. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 1199: 351-356. Go to original source...
    86. Zouari I., Aiachi-Mezghani M., Mechri B., Labidi F., Attia F., Boujneh D., Chehab H., Hammami M. (2014): The effect of fertilization on carbohydrates status of "Chemlali" olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves cultivated under rain-fed conditions. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Olivebioteq: 256-261.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content