초록
Scientists, philosophers, and even the lay public commonly accept that schizophrenia stems from a biological or internal ‘dysfunction.’ However, this assessment is typically accompanied neither by well-defined criteria for determining that something is dysfunctional nor empirical evidence that schizophrenia satisfies those criteria. In the following, a concept of biological function is developed and applied to a neurobiological model of schizophrenia. It concludes that current evidence does not warrant the claim that schizophrenia stems from a biological dysfunction, and, in fact, that unusual neural structures associated with schizophrenia may have functional or adaptive significance. The fact that current evidence is ambivalent between these two possibilities (dysfunction versus adaptive function) implies that schizophrenia researchers should be much more cautious in using the ‘dysfunction’ label than they currently are. This has implications for both psychiatric treatment as well as public perception of mental disorders.
키워드
Mental disorder, mental illness, function, dysfunction, schizophrenia, natural selection, neural selection, psychiatry
참고문헌(108)
-
[학술지] Allen, C. / 1995 / Biological function, adaptation, and natural design / Philosophy of Science 62 : 609 ~ 622
-
[단행본] American Psychiatric Association / 2000 / Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR / American Psychiatric Association
-
[학술지] Amundson, R. / 1994 / Function without purpose: The uses of causal role function in evolutionary biology / Biology & Philosophy 9 : 443 ~ 469
-
[단행본] Andreasen, N. C. / 1984 / The broken brain. in: The biological revolution in psychiatry / Harper and Row
-
[학술지] Bateson, G. / 1956 / Toward a theory of schizophrenia / Behavioral Science 1 : 251 ~ 264
-
[학술지] Bigelow, J. / 1987 / Functions / Journal of Philosophy 84 : 181 ~ 196
-
[학술지] Bock, J. / 1998 / Differential emotional experience leads to pruning of dendritic spines in the forebrain of domestic chicks / Neural Plasticity 6 : 17 ~ 27
-
[학술지] Bolton, D. / 2001 / Problems in the defintion of ‘mental disorder.’ / The Philosophical Quarterly 51 : 182 ~ 199
-
[학술지] Boorse, C. / 1976 / Wright on functions / Philosophical Review 85 : 70 ~ 86
-
[학술지] Boorse, C. / 1977 / Health as a theoretical concept / Philosophy of Science 44 : 542 ~ 573
-
[단행본] Boorse, C. / 2002 / A rebuttal on functions. in: Functions: New essays in the philosophy of psychology and biology / Oxford University Press : 63 ~ 112
-
[단행본] Brandon, R.N. / 1990 / Adaptation and environment / Princeton University Press
-
[학술지] Brown, M. C. / 1976 / Polyneural innervation of skeletal muscle in new-born rats and its elimination during maturation / Journal of Physiology 261 : 387 ~ 422
-
[학술지] Buller, D. J. / 1997 / Individualism and evolutionary psychology (or: In defense of ‘narrow’ functions) / Philosophy of Science 64 : 74 ~ 95
-
[학술지] Buller, D. J. / 1998 / Etiological theories of function: A geographical survey / Biology and Philosophy 13 : 505 ~ 527
-
[단행본] Burnet, F. M. / 1959 / The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity / Cambridge University Press
-
[단행본] Buss, D. / 1999 / Evolutionary psychology. in: The new science of the mind / Allyn and Bacon
-
[단행본] Buss, D. M. / 2002 / Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. in: Foundations of Cognitive Psychology / MIT Press. : 639 ~ 664
-
[학술지] Carlsson, A. / 1974 / Antipsychotic drugs and catecholamine synapses / Journal of Psychiatric Research 11 : 57 ~ 64
-
[단행본] Carlsson, A / 2001 / Neurotransmitters - dopamine and beyond. in: Current issues in the pharmacology of schizophrenia / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins : 3 ~ 11
-
[학술지] Carlsson, M. / 1990 / Interactions between glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems within the basal ganglia – implications for schizophrenia and parkinson’s disease / Trends in Neurosciences 13 : 272 ~ 276
-
[학술지] Caspi, A. / 2003 / Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene / Science 301 (5631) : 291 ~ 293
-
[학술지] Changeux, J.-P. / 1976 / Selective stabilization of developing synapses as a mechanism for the specification of neuronal networks / Nature 264 : 705 ~ 711
-
[단행본] Cziko, G. / 1995 / Without miracles. in: Universal selection theory and the second darwinian revolution / MIT Press
-
[학술지] Darden, L. / 1989 / Selection type theories / Philosophy of Science 56 : 106 ~ 129
-
[단행본] Dretske, F. / 1986 / Misrepresentation. in: Belief: Form, content, and function / Clarendon Press : 17 ~ 36
-
[단행본] Edelman, G. M. / 1987 / Neural darwinism. in: The theory of neuronal group selection / Basic Books
-
[학술지] Etienne, P. / 1990 / Role of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission in synaptic plasticity and pathology: An integrative hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis and evolutionary advantages of schizophrenia-related genes / Journal of Neural Transmission 29 : 39 ~ 48
-
[학술지] Feinberg, I. / 1983 / Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? / Journal of Psychiatric Research 17 : 319 ~ 334
-
[학술지] First, M. B. / 2007 / Potential implications of the harmful dysfunction analysis for the development of DSM-V and ICD 11 / World Psychiatry 6 : 158 ~ 159
-
[단행본] Garson, J. / 2008 / Function and teleology. in: A companion to the philosophy of biology / Blackwell : 525 ~ 549
-
[학술지] Godfrey-Smith, P. / 1992 / Indication and adaptation / Synthese 92 : 283 ~ 312
-
[학술지] Godfrey-Smith, P. / 1994 / A modern history theory of functions / Noûs 28 : 344 ~ 362
-
[단행본] Godfrey-Smith, P. / 2009 / Darwinian populations and natural selection / Oxford University Press
-
[학술대회] Gould, S. J. / 1979 / The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm / Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : 281 ~ 288
-
[학술지] Griffiths, P.E. / 1993 / Functional analysis and proper function / British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44 : 409 ~ 422
-
[학술지] Grace, A. A. / 1991 / Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system reponsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia / Neuroscience 41 : 1 ~ 24
-
[학술지] Grace, A. A. / 2000 / Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia / Brain Research Reviews 31 : 330 ~ 341
-
[단행본] Heinrichs, R. W. / 2001 / In search of madness. in: Schizophrenia and neuroscience / Oxford University Press
-
[학술지] Horan, B. / 1989 / Functional explanations in sociobiology / Philosophy and Biology 4 : 131 ~ 158
-
[학술지] Hubel, D. H. / 1965 / Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint / Journal of Neurophysiology 28 : 1041 ~ 1059
-
[학술지] Hubel, D. H. / 1977 / Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex / Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 278 : 377 ~ 409
-
[학술지] Hull, D.L. / 2001 / A general account of selection: Biology, immunology and behavior / Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 : 511 ~ 527
-
[학술지] Huttenlocher, P. R. / 1979 / Synaptic density in the human frontal cortex: Developmental changes and effects of aging / Brain Research 163 : 195 ~ 205
-
[학술지] Kapur, S. / 2001 / Does fast dissociation from the dopamine d2 receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: A new hypothesis / American Journal of Psychiatry 158 : 360 ~ 368
-
[학술지] Kaas, J. H. / 1991 / Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals / Annual Review of Neuroscience 14 : 137 ~ 167
-
[학술지] Keshavan, M. S. / 1994 / Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? A feinberg hypothesis revisited / Journal of Psychiatric Research 28 : 239 ~ 265
-
[학술지] Kirmayer, L. J. / 1999 / Culture and context in the evolutionary concept of mental disorder / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 : 446 ~ 452
-
[단행본] Klein, D. F. / 1978 / A proposed definition of mental illness. in: Critical issues in psychiatric diagnosis / Raven Press : 41 ~ 71
-
[학술지] Klein, D. F. / 1999 / Harmful dysfunction, disease, illness, and evolution / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 : 421 ~ 429
-
[단행본] Lewens, T. / 2007 / Functions. in: Philosophy of biology / Elsevier : 525 ~ 547
-
[학술지] Lewis, D. A. / 1997 / Development of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence: Insights into vulnerable neural circuits in schizophrenia / Neuropsychopharmacology 16 : 385 ~ 398
-
[단행본] Lewontin, R. C. / 1998 / The evolution of cognition: Questions we will never answer. in: An Invitation to Cognitive Science Vol. 4, Methods, Models, and Conceptual Issues / The MIT Press : 107 ~ 132
-
[학술지] Lilienfeld, S. O. / 1995 / Mental disorder as a roschian concept: A critique of wakefield’s “harmful dysfunction” analysis / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 : 411 ~ 420
-
[단행본] Lloyd, E. A. / 1998 / Normality and variation. The human genome project and the ideal human type. in: The philosophy of biology / Oxford University Press : 552 ~ 566
-
[학술지] McDowell, J.J. / 2010 / Behavioral and neural darwinism: Selectionist function and mechanism in adaptive behavior dynamics / Behavioural Processes 84 : 358 ~ 365
-
[학술지] McGlashan, T. H. / 2000 / Schizophrenia as a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity / Archives of General Psychiatry 57 : 637 ~ 648
-
[단행본] McNally, R. J. / 1994 / Panic disorder. in: A critical analysis / The Guilford Press
-
[단행본] Meltzer, H. Y. / 1999 / Neurochemistry of schizophrenia. in: Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects / Lippincott-Raven Publishers : 1053 ~ 1072
-
[단행본] Millikan, R. G. / 1984 / Language, thought, and other biological categories / MIT Press
-
[학술지] Millikan, R.G. / 1989 / In defense of proper functions / Philosophy of Science 56 : 288 ~ 302
-
[학술지] Mitchell, S.D. / 1995 / Function, fitness, and disposition / Biology & Philosophy 10 : 39 ~ 54
-
[단행본] Moises, H. W. / 2001 / Genetics, risk factors, and personality factors. in: Contemporary Psychiatry Vol. 3 / Springer-Verlag : 48 ~ 59
-
[학술지] Murphy, D. / 2001 / The harmful dysfunction analysis of mental disorder / Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 7 : 241 ~ 252
-
[학위논문] Neander, K. / 1983 / Abnormal psychobiology
-
[학술지] Neander, K. / 1991 / Functions as selected effects: The conceptual analyst’s defense / Philososphy of Science 58 : 168 ~ 184
-
[학술지] Neander, K. / 1995 / Misrepresenting and malfunctioning / Philosophical Studies 79 : 109 ~ 141
-
[단행본] Nesse, R. M. / 1999 / Testing evolutionary hypotheses about mental disorders. in: Evolution in Health and Disease / Oxford University Press : 260 ~ 266
-
[학술지] Nesse, R. M. / 2007 / Evolution is the scientific foundation for diagnosis: Psychiatry should use i / World Psychiatry 6 : 160 ~ 161
-
[학술지] Olney, J. W. / 1999 / NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia / Journal of Psychiatric Research 33 : 523 ~ 533
-
[단행본] Papineau, D. / 1987 / Reality and representation / Blackwell
-
[단행본] Papineau, D. / 1993 / Philosophical naturalism / Blackwell
-
[단행본] Papineau, D. / 1994 / Mental disorder, illness and biological disfunction. in: Philosophy, psychology and psychiatry / Cambridge University Press : 73 ~ 82
-
[단행본] Pliszka, S. R. / 2003 / Neuroscience for the mental health clinician / Guilford Press
-
[학술지] Purves, D. / 1980 / Elimination of synapses in the developing nervous system / Science 210 : 153 ~ 157
-
[학술지] Rajewsky, K. / 1996 / Clonal selection and learning in the antibody system / Nature 381 : 751 ~ 758
-
[학술지] Rakic, P. / 1976 / Prenatal genesis of connections subserving ocular dominance in the rhesus monkey / Nature 261 : 467 ~ 471
-
[학술지] Rakic, P. / 1986 / Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex / Science 232 : 232 ~ 235
-
[학술지] Richters, J. E. / 1993 / Mark Twain meets DSM-III-R: Conduct disorder, development, and the concept of harmful dysfunction / Development and Psychopathology 5 : 5 ~ 29
-
[학술지] Richters, J. E. / 1999 / The abduction of disorder in psychiatry / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 : 438 ~ 445
-
[학술지] Riley, B. P. / 2000 / Linkage and associated studies of schizophrenia / American Journal of Medical Genetics (Seminars in Medical Genetics) 97 : 23 ~ 44
-
[단행본] Rounsaville, B. J. / 2002 / Basic nomenclature issues for DSM-V. in: A research agenda for DSM-V / American Psychiatric Association : 1 ~ 29
-
[학술지] Ruse, M.E. / 1971 / Functional statements in biology / Philosophy of Science 38 : 87 ~ 95
-
[학술지] Sadler, J.Z. / 1999 / Horsefeathers: A commentary on “Evolutionary versus prototype analyses of the concept of disorder” / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 : 433 ~ 437
-
[학술지] Sadler, J. Z. / 1995 / Diseases, functions, values, and psychiatric classification / Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 2 : 219 ~ 231
-
[단행본] Sarkar, S. / 1998 / Genetics and reductionism / Cambridge University Press
-
[학술지] Schacht, T. / 1977 / But is it good for the psychologists? Appraisal and status of DSM III / American Psychologist 32 : 1017 ~ 1025
-
[학술지] Schwartz, P. H. / 1999 / Proper function and recent selection / Philosophy of Science 66 : S210 ~ S222
-
[학술지] Schwartz, P. H. / 2007 / Defining dysfunction: Natural selection, design, and drawing a line / Philosophy of Science 74 : 364 ~ 385
-
[학술지] Schlosser, G. / 1998 / Self-reproduction and functionality: A systems-theoretical approach to teleological explanation / Synthese 116 : 303 ~ 335
-
[단행본] Sober, E. / 1984 / The nature of selection / MIT Press
-
[학술지] Spitzer, R. L. / 1999 / Harmful dysfunction and the DSM analysis of mental disorder / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 : 430 ~ 432
-
[단행본] Spitzer, R. L. / 1978 / Medical and mental disorder: Proposed definition and criteria. in: Critical issues in psychiatric diagnosis / Raven Press : 15 ~ 39
-
[단행본] Stevens, A. / 2000 / Evolutionary psychiatry. in: A new beginning / Routledge
-
[학술지] Thagard, P. / 2003 / Pathways to biomedical discovery / Philosophy of Science 70 : 235 ~ 254
-
[학술지] Torrey, E. F. / 2000 / Familial and genetic mechanisms in schizophrenia / Brain Research Reviews 31 : 113 ~ 117
-
[학술지] Tsuang, M. / 2000 / Schizophrenia: Genes and environment / Biological Psychiatry 47 : 210 ~ 220
-
[학술지] Wakefield, J. C. / 1992 / Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R’s definition of mental disorder / Psychological Review 99 : 232 ~ 247
-
[학술지] Wakefield, J. C. / 1999 / Evolutionary versus prototype analyses of the concept of disorder / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 : 374 ~ 399
-
[학술지] Wakefield, J. C. / 2007 / The concept of mental disorder: Diagnostic implications of the harmful dysfunction analysis / World Psychiatry 6 : 149 ~ 156
-
[학술지] Walsh, D.M. / 1996 / A taxonomy of functions / Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26 : 493 ~ 514
-
[학술지] Wiesel, T. N. / 1963 / Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye / Journal of Neurophysiology 26 : 1003 ~ 1017
-
[학술지] Wimsatt, W.C. / 1972 / Teleology and the logical structure of function statements / Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 3 : 1 ~ 80
-
[학술지] Woolfolk, R. L. / 1999 / Malfunction and mental disorder / The Monist 82 : 658 ~ 670
-
[단행본] Wong, R.O.L. / 2002 / Synapse elimination. in: Fundamental neuroscience / Academic Press : 533 ~ 554
-
[학술지] Wouters, A. / 2003 / Four notions of biological function / Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 34 : 633 ~ 668
-
[학술지] Wouters, A. / 2005 / The function debate in philosophy / Acta Biotheoretica 53 : 123 ~ 151
-
[단행본] Wright, L. / 1976 / Teleological explanations. in: An etiological analysis of goals and functions / University of California Press