초록

A typical model explaining pre-modern international relationships in East Asia is the tribute system in which Chinese emperors granted office titles to monarchs of surrounding states who in turn paid tribute to the Chinese throne. This model, which depends on the historical records of the state bestowing titles, cannot fully explain the international relationships centering on China for it fails to account for the internal conditions of the surrounding states. This study examines changes in the Tang bestowal of titles to determine the position and status of Silla and Parhae in the world order for which Tang hoped. The Tang bestowal of titles reflected its intended world order and its policy for implementing that order. The bestowed titles had to be changed if Tang intentions were not realized. Changes in Tang titles reflect Silla and Parhae responses to Tang policy; Tang upgraded titles when Silla and Parhae accepted Tang policies and downgraded them when they resisted.

키워드

Silla, Parhae, Tang, bestowed titles, subordinated prefecture

참고문헌(30)open

  1. [단행본] Iryŏn / 2003 / Yŏkchu samguk yusa 譯註 三國遺事 [Memorabilia of the three kingdoms, translated and annotated] / Ihoe Munhwasa

  2. [단행본] Kim Pusik / 1996 / Yŏkchu Samguk sagi 譯註 三國史記 [History of the three kingdoms, translated and annotated] / Han’guk Chŏngsin Munhwa Yŏn’guwŏn

  3. [단행본] Li Fang / 1966 / Wenyuan yinghua 文苑英華 [Finest flowers from the world of letters] / Zhonghua Shuju

  4. [단행본] Liu Xu / 1975 / Jiu tangshu 舊唐書 [Old Tang history] / Zhonghua Shuju

  5. [단행본] Ouyang Xiu / 1975 / Xin tangshu 新唐書 [New Tang history] / Zhonghua Shuju

  6. [단행본] Sima Guang / 1956 / Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑 [General mirror for the aid of government] / Zhonghua Shuju

  7. [단행본] Sŏ Kŏjŏng / 1966 / Tongmunsŏn 東文選 [Anthology of Korean literature] / Kyŏnghŭi Ch’ulp’ansa

  8. [단행본] Sugano Mamichi / 1998 / Shoku Nihongi 續日本紀 [Expanded chronicle of Japan] / Iwanami Shoten

  9. [단행본] Wang Pu / 2012 / Tang huiyao 唐會要 [Institutional history of Tang] / Shanghai Guji Chubanshe

  10. [단행본] Wang Qinruo / 1960 / Cefu yuangui 冊府元龜 [Magical mirror in the palace library] / Zhonghua Shuju

  11. [단행본] Fairbank, John King / 1968 / The Chinese World Order / Harvard University Press

  12. [단행본] Huang Yuese / 1997 / Huang yuese Sui-Tang shi lunji 黃約瑟隋唐史論集 [Huang Yuese’s collection of the history of Sui and Tang ] / Zhonghua Shuju

  13. [단행본] Hucker, Charles O / 1985 / A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China / Stanford University Press

  14. [단행본] Jin Yufu / 1934 / Bohai guozhi changbian 渤海國志長編 [Manuscript of Parhae history] / Qianhua Shanguan

  15. [단행본] Kaneko Shūichi / 2001 / Zui Tō no kokusai to higasi Ajia 隋唐の国際秩序と東アジア [Sui and Tang international order and East Asia] / Meicho Kankōkai

  16. [단행본] Kim Han’gyu / 1997 / Kodae tong Asea makpu ch’eche yŏn’gu 古代東亞細亞幕府體制硏究 [A Study on the ancient mu-fu system of East Asia] / Ilchokak

  17. [학술지] Kim Hodong / 1993 / "Tang ŭi kimi chibae wa pukpang yumok minjok ŭi taeŭng"唐의 羈縻支配와 北方 遊牧民族의 對應 [The loose rein policy of the Tang dynasty and the response of the nomadic peoples] / Yŏksa hakpo 歷史學報 137 : 131 ~ 178

  18. [단행본] Kim Chongbok / 2009 / Parhae chŏngch’i oegyo sa 발해정치외교사 [The political and diplomatic history of Parhae] / Ilchusa

  19. [학술지] 김종복 / 2010 / 특집 : 백제와 고구려 고지에 대한 당의 지배 양상 / 역사와 현실 (78) : 73 ~ 103

  20. [학술지] 김종복 / 2010 / 발해와 당의 사신 파견을 통해 본 大門藝 亡命 사건의 추이 / 역사와경계 (76) : 1 ~ 27

  21. [단행본] Kurihara Masuo / 1979 / Zui Tō teikoku to higasi ajia sekai 隋唐帝国と東アジア世界 [The Sui and Tang empires and The East Asian world] / Kyūko Shoin

  22. [단행본] Nishijima Sadao / 1983 / Chūgoku kodai kokka to higasi Ajia sekai 中國古代國家と東アジア世界 [The Chinese ancient state and the East Asian world] / Tōkyō Daigaku Shūppankai

  23. [단행본] Song Kiho / 1995 / Parhae chŏngch’i sa yŏn’gu 渤海政治史硏究 [Research in development process of Parhae history and phase of country] / Ilchokak

  24. [단행본] Song Kiho / 2010 / The Clash of Histories in East Asia / Northeast Asian History Foundation

  25. [단행본] Tōdaishi Kenkyūkai / 1979 / Zui Tō teikoku to higasi Ajia sekai 隋唐帝国と東アジア世界 [The Sui and Tang empires and the East Asian world] / Kyūko Shoin

  26. [단행본] Tsuda Sōkichi / 1964 / Tsuda Sōkichi zenshu 津田左右吉全集 [The complete works of Tsuda Sōkichi] 12 / Iwanami Shoten

  27. [단행본] Twitchett, Denis / 1979 / The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3, Sui and T’ang China, 509–906, Part I / Cambridge University Press

  28. [학술지] Wei Guozhong / 1985 / "Da Zharong qianzi shitang shijian kao"大祚榮‘遣子’侍唐時間考 [A study on the time Tae Choyŏng sent his son to the Tang Court] / Beifang wenwu 北方文物 4 : 56 ~ 59

  29. [학술지] Wei Guozhong / 2006 / "Bohai guohao chucheng ‘mohe’ zaikao"渤海國號初稱‘靺鞨’再考 [A Reconsideration of"Malgal"as the early name of Parhae] / Gaogouli yanjiu 高句麗硏究 24 : 103 ~ 113

  30. [단행본] Yŏ Hogyu / 2008 / Han’guk kodae kukka wa Chungguk wangjo ŭi chogong ch’aekpong kwan’gye 한국 고대 국가와 중국 왕조의 조공·책봉관계 [A study of tributary relationships between ancient states of Korean and Chinese dynasties] / Koguryŏ Yŏn’gu Chaedan