초록

This article offers a fresh look into one of the key events of North Korean history, the ideological campaign of the 1970s which promoted Kim Jong-il (Kim Chŏngil 金正日) as the successor to his father. Previous research on the subject has generally been limited to analyzing open sources. I, however, obtained a copy of an electronic archive of the restricted-access DPRK newspaper Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군. This discovery, along with North Korea's declassification of some information about Kim Jong-il's campaign, makes it possible to compare how the campaign was presented in open and restricted sources.

키워드

Kim II-sung, Kim Jong-iI, succession of power, hereditary dictatorships, propaganda tracks, B. R. Myers

참고문헌(80)open

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  2. [기타] Aleksandrov, G. F. Г.Ф. Александров / 1947 / Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin. Kratkaya biografiya Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин. Краткаябиография. [Joseph Stalin: A concise biography] / OGIZ Gosudarstvennoye Izdatel’stvo Politicheskoy Literatury

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  7. [기타] / 1980 / “Ch’inaehanŭn chidoja Kim Chŏngil tongji kke kkŭt ŏmnŭn ch’ungjikhan ch’inwidae, tolgyŏktae ka toeja” 친애하는 지도자 김정일 동지께 끝없는 충직한 친위대, 돌격대가 되자[Let us become a personal guard unit, a stormtrooper unit infinitely loyal to the Dear Leader comrade Kim Jong-il] / Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군

  8. [기타] / 1975 / “Ch’inaehanŭn chidoja tongji rŭl urŏrŏ tŭrinŭn ch’ungsŏng ŭi norae” 친애하는 지도자 동지를우러러 드리는 충성의 노래 [Song of loyalty presented to our revered Comrade Dear Leader] / Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군

  9. [기타] / 1979 / “Ch’inaehanŭn chidoja tongji ŭi malssŭm ŭl ch’ŏlchŏhi kwanch’ŏrhanda” 친애하는 지도자 동지의말씀을 철저히 관철한다 [What the Dear Leader said is being thoroughly implemented] / Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군

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  22. [기타] / 1980 / “Chosŏn Rodongdang chungang wiwŏnhoe che-6 ki che1ch’a chŏnwŏn hoeŭi e kwanhan kongbo” 조선로동당 중앙위원회 제6기 제1차 전원회의에 관한 공보 [Press release on the meeting of the First Plenum of the Sixth Central Committee of the WPK] / Rodong sinmun 로동신문 : 1

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  24. [기타] / 1972 / “Chungang sŏn’gŏ wiwŏnhoe podo” 중앙선거위원회 보도 [Announcement of the Central Electoral Commission] / Rodong sinmun 로동신문 : 1

  25. [단행본] Davies, Sarah / 2004 / The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships / Palgrave Macmillan Ltd : 29 ~ 46

  26. [기타] / 1863 / Dorogomu rukovoditelyu tovarischu Kim Den Iru Дорогому руководителю товарищу Ким ДенИру [To Dear Leader comrade Kim Jong-il] / Russian State Archive for Contemporary History, collection 5, inventory 68, folder 1863 : 11 ~ 12

  27. [인터넷자료] Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry / report, November 27, 1974. MOL, XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1974, 66. doboz, 81-25, 006048/1974 / History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive

  28. [인터넷자료] / GDR Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs

  29. [인터넷자료] / GDR Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs

  30. [인터넷자료] Hong Tŏkhwa 홍덕화 / “70-nyŏndae Puk mun’gŏnsŏ ‘tangjungang=Kim Jŏng-il’ ipchŭng” 70년대 北문건서 '당중앙=김정일' 입증 [North Korean documents of the 1970s prove that the “Party Central” was Kim Jong-il] / Yŏnhap Nyusŭ 연합뉴스

  31. [인터넷자료] Hungarian Embassy in the DPRK / Telegram, 24 February 1978. Subject: Celebration of Kim Jong Il’s Birthday

  32. [단행본] Hwang Changyŏp 황장엽 / 2010 / Na nŭn yŏksa ŭi chilli rŭl poatta 나는 역사의 진리를 보았다 [I saw the truth of history] / Sidae Chŏngsin

  33. [단행본] Hyŏn Sŏngil 현성일 / 2007 / Pukhan ŭi kukka chŏllyak kwa p’awŏ ellit’ŭ: Kanbu chŏngch’aek ŭl chungsim ŭro 북한의 국가 전략과 파워 엘리트: 간부 정책을 중심으로 [North Korea’s state strategy and power elite: The state’s policy towards the cadres] / Sŏnin

  34. [기타] / 1976 / “Ilchi pukkoe e chŏngch’ijŏk taebyŏndong” 日紙 北傀에 政治的 대변동 [Japanese media report on a great political change in the North Korean puppet regime] / Kyŏnghyang sinmun 京鄕新聞 : 1

  35. [단행본] / 1977 / Inmindŭl sok esŏ 인민들 속에서 [Amongst the people]. Vol. 13 / Tokkyo Kuwŏl Sŏbang

  36. [인터넷자료] / “Inmin ŭi taham ŏmnŭn ch’ingsong ŭl padŭsimyŏ” 인민의 다함없는 칭송을 받으시며 [He received infinite praise from the people] / Uri minjok kangdang 우리민족강당

  37. [단행본] Kim Hakchun 金學俊 / 1983 / Han’guk minjokchuŭi ŭi t’ongil nolli 韓國民族主義의 統一論理 [Logic of unification of the Korean Nationalism] / Chimmundang

  38. [기타] / 1978 / “Kim Chŏngil singmul in’gan hwaksil Il ŭisadŭl charyo konggae Pukkoe sŏ chojakkŭk” 金正一「植物인간」확실 日의사들 資料공개 北傀서 造作劇 [Kim Jong-il is confirmed to be in vegetative state, Japanese doctors release the documents, the fabrications of the North Korean puppet regime are disproved] / Tonga ilbo 東亞日報 : 2

  39. [인터넷자료] / “Kim Chŏngil, 3-nam Chŏngun hugyeja chimyŏng sŏl” 김정일, 3남 정운 후계자 지명설 [There are rumors that Kim Jong-il appointed his third son Jong-un as his successor] / NK Chosŏn NK조선

  40. [단행본] / 1975 / Naeoe t'ongshin 內外通信 [Home and abroad correspondence], vol. 1 / Naeoe T'ongsinsa : 6 ~ 10

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  42. [기타] / 1978 / “Kin Shōichi-shi no bunsho kaishū” 金正一氏の文書回収 [Written documents related to Mr. Kim Jong-il have been recalled] / Yomiuri shimbun 読売新聞 : 1

  43. [기타] / 1980 / “Kirigiri mansu mugang ch’ugwŏnhamnida” 길이길이 만수무강 축원합니다 [We wish you to live a long, long and healthy life] / Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군 : 5

  44. [단행본] Kong T’akho 孔卓虎 / 1976 / Pukhoe kukka chŏngch’i powibu naemak 北傀政治保衛部內幕: 孔卓虎 手記 [The inside story of the North Korean puppet regime’s Department for Political Protection: The memoir of Kong T’akho] / Hongwŏnsa

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  48. [기타] / 1978 / “Miji Kim Chŏngil ŭn singmul in’gan andwaetta amsal misu sakŏn tarŭn inmul pusang” 美紙金正一은 植物人間 안됐다 暗殺未遂 사건 다른人物 負傷 [American media report: Kim Jongil is not in a vegetative state, the victim of the assassination attempt is another person] / Tonga ilbo 東亞日報 : 1

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  52. [단행본] O T'aesŏk 吳泰石 / 1977 / Ŭnhyeroun t’aeyang 은혜로운 태양[Merciful sun]. Vol. 3 / Inmin Kwahaksa

  53. [단행본] Pak Sanghyŏk 朴尙赫 / 1965 / Chosŏn minjok ui widaehan ryŏngdoja 朝鮮 民族 의 偉大한 領導者 [The great guide of the Korean nation] / Chosŏn sinbosa

  54. [기타] / 1976 / “Pŏpsŏkttŏnŭn Kim Ilsŏng saengil haengsa” 법석떠는 金日成 生日행사 [Frenzied celebration of Kim Il-sung’s birthday] / Kyŏnghyang sinmun 京鄕新聞 : 7

  55. [인터넷자료] / “Puk, Kim Chŏngil tongsang ch’ŏt konggae... kunbok ch’akyong mosŭp” 北, 김정일 동상 첫공개… 군복 착용 모습 [North Korea unveils the first statue of Kim Jong-il; he is dressed in a military uniform] / Sŏul sinmun 서울신문

  56. [기타] / 1980 / “Pukkoe Cheneba taesa Kim Ilsŏng ŭi hugyeja ro Kim Chŏngil 5-nyŏn chŏn kyŏlchŏng” 北傀제네바大使金日成의 후계자로 金正一5년전결정 [The North Korean puppet regime’s ambassador to Geneva: It has been five years since it was decided that Kim Jong-il would be Kim Il-sung’s successor] / Kyŏnghyang sinmun 京鄕新聞 : 1

  57. [기타] / 1974 / “Pukkoe Kim Ilsŏng hugye e inam Chŏngil yangsŏng chinghu” 北傀 金日成 後繼에 二男 正一 양성 徵候[Signs that Kim Il-sung of the North Korean puppet regime is preparing his second son Jong-il to become his successor] / Tonga ilbo 東亞日報 : 1

  58. [기타] / 1978 / “Pukkoe, p’isŭp chungt’aesŏl kwallyŏn chumok Kim Chŏngil saengire ilch’e purŏn’gŭp”北傀, 被襲 重態說관련 주목 金正一生日에 일체不言及 [The North Korean puppet regime completely avoids references to Kim Jong-il’s birthday, which drew attention due to rumors of Kim being in a critical condition after an attack] / Kyŏnghyang sinmun 京鄕新聞 : 1

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  60. [기타] Samoylov, V. / 1974 / O starshem syne Kim Ir Sena sekretare TsK TPK Kim Den Ire. О старшем сынесекретаре ЦК ТПК Ким Ден Ире. [On Kim Jong-il, secretary of the WPK’s Central Committee and the eldest son of Kim Il-sung] / Russian State Archive for Contemporary History, collection 5, folder 67, item 714 : 1 ~ 6

  61. [단행본] Sŏ Chaejin 서재진 / 2006 / Kim Ilsŏng hang-Il mujang t’ujaeng sinhwahwa yŏn’gu 김일성 항일 무장 투쟁 신화화연구 [A Study of the mythologization of Kim Il-sung’s armed struggle against Japan] / T’ongil Yŏn’guwŏn

  62. [단행본] Sŏ Taesuk 서대숙 / 2000 / Hyŏndae Pukhan ŭi chidoja: Kim Ilsŏng kwa Kim Chŏngil 현대 북한의 지도자:김일성과 김정일 [Leaders of Modern North Korea: Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il] / Ŭryu Munhwasa

  63. [인터넷자료] / “Sŏn’gun hyŏngmyŏng wiŏp kyesŭng ŭi hwakkohan tamborŭl maryŏn hasiyŏ”선군혁명위업계승의 확고한 담보를 마련 하시여 [He prepared and secured the succession in the great deed of Sŏn’gun revolution] / Uri minjok kkiri 우리민족끼리

  64. [단행본] Son Kwangju 손광주 / 2003 / Kim Chŏngil rip’ot’ŭ: Pukhan ch’oego kwallŏkcha Kim Chongil ŭi modŭn kŏt 김정일 리포트: 북한 최고 권력자 김정일의 모든 것[Kim Jong-il report: Everything about the most powerful figure in North Korea, Kim Jong-il] / Pada Ch’ulp’ansa

  65. [기타] / 1973 / “Tang ŭi chikchŏpchŏgin chido, pinnanŭn kyŏlsil” 당의 직접적인 지도, 빛나는 결실 [Direct guidance of the Party, bright fruits] / Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군 : 2

  66. [학술지] FYODOR TERTITSKIY / 2015 / THE ASCENSION OF THE ORDINARY MAN: HOW THE PERSONALITY CULT OF KIM IL-SUNG WAS CONSTRUCTED (1945–1974) / Acta Koreana 18 (1) : 209 ~ 231

  67. [기타] T’ongil Yŏn’guwon 통일연구원 / 2009 / 2009 Pukhan kaeyo 2009 북한 개요 [Outline of North Korea, 2009] / T’ongil Yŏn’guwŏn

  68. [학술지] Von Soest, Christian / 2017 / Identity, Procedures and Performance : How Authoritarian Regimes Legitimize Their Rule / Contemporary Politics 23 (3) : 287 ~ 305

  69. [인터넷자료] / “Widaehan changgunnim ŭl sŏn’gun hyŏngmyŏng wiŏp ŭi hugyeja ro nop’i ch’udae” 위대한 장군님을선군혁명위업의 후계자로 높이 추대 [Venerating the great commander as the successor of the great deeds of the Sŏn’gun revolution] / Uri minjok kangdang 우리민족강당

  70. [단행본] / 1995 / Chosŏn taebaekkwa sajŏn 조선대백과사전 [Great encyclopedia of Korea]. Vol. 1 / Paekkwa Sajŏn Ch’ulp’ansa : 18 ~ 29

  71. [기타] / 1994 / “Widaehan ryŏngdoja Kim Chŏngil tongji kke Kine Konghwaguk taet’ongnyŏng i sŏnmul ŭl ponae yŏwatta” 위대한 령도자 김정일동지께 기네 공화국 대통령이 선물을 보내여왔다 [President of Guinea sent gifts to the Great Guide comrade Kim Jong-il] / Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군 : 1

  72. [기타] / 1994 / “Widaehan ryŏngdoja Kim Chŏngil tongji ŭi purhu ŭi kojŏnjŏk rojaktŭl ŭl yŏrŏ nara esŏpodo” 위대한 령도자 김정일동지의 불후의 고전적 로작들을 여러 나라에서 보도 [Media in several countries have reported on the immortal classics of the Great Guide comrade Kim Jong-il] / Rodong sinmun 로동신문 : 1

  73. [기타] / 2011 / “Widaehan ryŏngdoja Kim Chŏngil tongji ŭi sŏgŏ e chŭŭmhayŏ” 위대한 령도자 김정일동지의서거에 즈음하여 [On the demise of the Great Guide comrade Kim Jong-il] / Rodong sinmun 로동신문 : 2

  74. [기타] / 1977 / “Widaehan suryŏngnim kke wa yŏnggwangsŭrŏun tangjungang e kkŭtkkaji ch’ungsŏng dahanŭn iltangbaek mannŭng pyŏngsa ka toeja! ” 위대한 수령님께와 영광스러운 당중앙에끝까지 충성다하는 일당백의 만능병사가 되자! [Let us become super-soldiers, ready to take one hundred enemies each and wholly loyal to the Great Leader and to the Glorious Party Central!] / Chosŏn inmin’gun 조선인민군 : 5

  75. [기타] / 1981 / “Widaehan suryŏng Kim Ilsŏng tongji ŭi purhu ŭi kojŏnjŏk rojaktŭl ŭl yŏrŏ nara sinmundŭl i kejae” 위대한 수령 김일성동지의 불후의 고전적 로작들을 여러 나라 신문들이 게재 [Newspapers of several countries have published articles on the immortal classics of the Great Leader comrade Kim Il-sung] / Rodong sinmun 로동신문 : 1

  76. [기타] / 1974 / “Widaehan suryŏngnim ŭi purŭsim kwa tang chungang ŭi hosorl ŭl pattŭlgo, chŏndang, chŏn’gun, chŏnmin i sahoejuŭi tae kŏnsŏl saŏp e ch’ongdongwŏn toeja!” 위대한 수령님의부르심과 당중앙의 호소를 받들고, 전당, 전군, 전민이 사회주의 대건설사업에 총동원되자! [Entire Party, entire army and the entire people answering the call of the Great Leader and of the Party Central, let us fully mobilize for the great socialist construction!] / Rodong sinmun 로동신문 : 2

  77. [단행본] Yi Ch’anhaeng 이찬행 / 2001 / Kim Chŏngil 김정일 [Kim Jong-il] / Paeksan Sŏdang

  78. [인터넷자료] Yi Tonghun 이동훈 / “Puk ‘P’uebŭllo’ ho sakŏn Ku Soryŏn oegyomunsŏ kŭkpi haeje” 北 ‘푸에블로호’ 사건 구소련 외교문서 극비해제 [Top secret Soviet documents on the capture of the USS Pueblo have been declassified] / NK Chosŏn

  79. [인터넷자료] Yi Chinsŏ 이진서 / “Nanŭn Kim Chŏngil kyŏnghowŏn iŏtta” 나는 김정일 경호원이었다 [I was a guard of Kim Jong-il] / Radio Free Asia

  80. [인터넷자료] / “Zhongguo gongchandang zhangcheng (1969-nian 4-yue 14-ri jiu datong guo)” 中国共产党章程 (1969年 4月14日 九大通过) [Charter of the Communist Party of China (April 14, 1969, ninth edition)] / Gongchandang yuanwang 共产党员网