The development of particle size reduction technologies over the past 30 years has transformed them from a research approach to an established commercial drug delivery platform. Since a growing number of research substances for poor aqueous solubility, nanotechnology methods have gained particular significance. The term "nanotechnology" refers to the development and application of materials whose components are, by standard, no larger than 100 nm in size. Nanotechnology investigates structural behavior at the molecular, and sub-molecular levels. It has the potential to transform several medical and biotechnology instruments and processes into ones that are transportable, less expensive, safer, and simpler to use. Nanoparticles are used for a variety of things, including medical treatments, energy storage in solar and oxide fuel batteries, optical devices, bactericidal agents, electronic devices, biological labeling, and in the treatment of some cancers. They are also widel...

Derivation of an empirical relation between the size of the nanoparticle and the potency of homeopathic medicines. Int J High Dilution Res. 2015;14(4):2-7. Abstract Homeopathic medicines are often prescribed at ultra-high dilutions and it is a clinically observed fact that the medicinal effect of the drug remains even at these high dilutions. The increase in potency of a medicine due to potentization is still debatable from physicochemical point of view. Out of various hypotheses to explain this phenomenon, a recent hypothesis, advanced by us and supported by others, is that the size of the constituent particles decreases and eventually achieves nano dimension due to potentization. From the experiments performed by our group, the size of nanoparticles (NPs) of Cuprum metallicum, Zincum oxydatum, Aurum metallicum, Ferrum metallicum and Aconitum napellus (6cH, 30cH and 200cH) has been estimated. A general mathematical expression of the form y = a x-n has been derived which relates the size of NPs (y) with the corresponding potencies (x). There is no method to calculate the accurate potency of the homeopathic medicine, as the potency of a medicine depends to some extent on the method of preparation, for which a standardized procedure is warranted. Also, while handling a medicine, the solvent might evaporate causing a change in the potency. Thus by measuring the size of the NPs and using our proposed standard curve, the potency may be estimated.

Size reduction is one of most fundamental unit operation which is of prime importance in pharmacy. It helps in improving stability and bioavailability, reducing toxicity, enhancing release and providing better formulation opportunities for drug. In the recent trends, the drugs in nanometer size range have found to increase the performance in variety of dosage forms. The word ‘nano’ is a Latin word, which means ‘dwarf’. Nano size refers to 10-9 of a particular unit thus nanometer is 10-9 of a meter. Nanotechnology is the science that deals with the processes that occurs at molecular level and of nanolength scale size. Nanotechnology has shown tremendous progress in many fields but in pharmaceutical fields are yet to be explored, although, it has powerful impact in various medical fields such as biophysics, molecular biology, bioengineering, cardiology, oncology, ophthalmology, endocrinology immunology etc. Nanotechnology provides intelligent system, devices and materials for better p...

Nanotechnology is related to design characterization, production and applications of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale. Nanoparticles can be prepared from a variety of materials such as proteins, polysaccharides and synthetic polymers .Synthesis of nanoparticle done by different methods such as gas condestation vacuum, deposition and vaporization and other methods are involved. The Zeta potential of a nanoparticle is commonly used to characterized the surface charge property of nanoparticles. Particle size determines the in vivo distribution, biological fate, and toxicity and targeting ability of nanoparticle system. The advantages of using nanoparticles as a Particle size and surface characteristics of nanoparticles can be easily manipulated to achieve both passive and active drug targeting after parenteral administration. Key words: Nanoparticle, Polymers, Preparation, Synthesis, Characteristics, Evaluation

Nano particles along with physical software are used in order to increase the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics action of the drug medication. Nano particles are used to maintain an organized way for drug at the place of action. Because of the healing benefits Nano particles have become modern technology in the field of medicine. Scientists are interested to redevelop the dominant pills to bind the uncomplimentary concerns and to grow the healing effects. Modern principles such as Nano-shipping, maintain launch, and many others have advancement. The major conception of the paper is to implement the elementary principles in the discipline of nanoparticles.

Introduction Homeopathic medicines are inexpensive, easy to fabricate, environment friendly, nontoxic, and cost-effective. Very small amount of natural ingredients, no chemicals, and easy manufacturing process using simple equipments are required to produce these medicines. The little waste is also almost exclusively biodegradable. These lead to preservation of natural resources and a small carbon footprint with negligible environmental impact and no question of over-consumption. Environment-conscious human beings thus have the opportunity to conserve energy and protect the environment by using homeopathic medicines. Using the recently established nanoparticle aspect of these medicines, we have been working on a very interesting and unique field of “homeopathic nanomedicines and their effect on environment.” Degradation of Herbicidal Chemicals The occurrence and fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients present in water and industrial wastewater have been a prime concern of today. Residues from human environments contain agents that can contaminate natural environments. Several industries use azo dyes as coloring agents. They are mostly found in industrial wastewater effluents and cause environmental pollution. These chemically complex synthetic compounds are not easily degradable by using bacteria or chemicals. Using the nanomedicine Cuprum metallicum, we have shown how one such azo dye, methyl orange, can be degraded. Maximum dye degradation, as well as antibacterial effect against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, was observed in the presence of 200C potency of the nanomedicine. Increase in Growth and Germination Rate in Plants Due to higher temperature and humidity, storage of seeds is a major problem in tropical countries. With time the seeds lose their moisture and germination activity along with important minerals and proteins. We have shown how pretreatment with homeopathic nanomedicine Allium cepa enhances the invigoration and root growth of mung bean seeds, stored for more than 2 years. Because of its nanodimension, the medicine easily penetrates the membrane and gives the required effect. This way we can reduce the use of fertilizers or chemicals with side effects. The study will be useful for farmers. Increase of Photo- and Thermovoltage Generation In order to combat the great energy demand in an environment-friendly way, photoconversion of solar energy has been the target of research. For efficient use of solar energy, various techniques are being developed, the use of engineered nanoparticles being the latest addition in the list. However, the hazardous effects of them limit their use. In this search for a suitable agent, we realized that zinc oxide, a homeopathic medicine tagged with suitable dyes, can efficiently be used for photovoltage generation. This system can also be used for thermovoltage generation and can be successfully used to utilize the industrial waste heat. Enhancement of Electrical Properties of Capacitors The electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) films have been improved by incorporating a number of homeopathic nanomedicines by simple solution casting technique, which increases the dielectric constant of the pure PVDF to a maximum of four to six times the value of the pure one. This enhancement of electrical properties will have a significant contribution in the present-day research in electronics. As negligible, renewable, or biodegradable chemical are used to prepare homeopathic medicines, very small pollution will occur compared to other chemically synthesized nanoparticles. In this way we can connect with the web of life for a long time in this universe without hampering our ecosystem. Therapeutic and Wound-Healing Effects of Homeopathic Medicine Commercially available drugs while cure the disease also affect the system adversely, and their toxic effect lingers. Homeopathic medicine is a very good alternative to curb these side effects. Effect on hemolysis using Aurum metallicum at three different potencies has been studied. All the samples are found to be nontoxic, causing minimum harm to the red blood cells. Hemolysis is maximum for the drug at 6C potency. Cuprum metallicum also has good capability to destroy gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and shows wound-healing activity in a dose-dependent manner. So it seems that homeopathic drugs have potential scope as future medicine instead of the harmful commercially available medicines which have hazardous side effects both on human life and to the environment.