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2021, Academia Letters
Autonomous Driving
Development and Approval of Automated Vehicles: Considerations of Technical, Legal, and Economic RisksComputer Law & Security Review
From the testing to the deployment of self-driving cars: Legal challenges to policymakers on the road ahead2017 •
2014 •
Automated vehicles (AVs)—a combination of technologies and sensors that enable vehicles to operate with limited or no driver input—are rapidly moving from science fiction to real-world application. Low-level, limited function AV technologies are already available on new vehicles today, and high-level AVs may be just around the corner. On-road vehicle testing is currently underway and legal in several states, and some industry experts expect high-level AVs to be available as soon as 2020. While the technological advancement is impressive, many unknowns surround the widespread deployment of AVs. How can AVs be safely tested on public roads? Will consumers readily accept automation? How can the security of transmitted data between vehicles and the roadside be ensured when major corporations struggle to ensure users’ data privacy and security? Will consumers or vehicle manufacturers bear the liability of an AV crash? What are the implications for the roadway infrastructure? What are the...
2022 •
Autonomous vehicles have the potential to reduce the risk of accidents as they eliminate the element of human error from driving. Lack of attention, poor judgement, or physical limitations may lead to road incidents. Thus, the development and deployment of autonomous vehicles should be a priority. However, before being publicly available, autonomous vehicles must be tested to ensure their viability and safety by conducting public road testing. Autonomous vehicles have been designed and tested since the early 1900s; however, deployment of fully autonomous vehicles on public roads only started in the 2000s. Numerous countries have developed guidelines for public road testing, but those rules are not uniform, and discrepancies occur between nations. Issues such as vehicular safety, registrations, authority, insurance, cybersecurity, and infrastructures weigh differently in each country. Synthesizing these diverse national regulations into global guidelines would promote the safety and ...
ACM Journal on Autonomous Transportation Systems
Autonomous Vehicles for All?The traditional build-and-expand approach is not a viable solution to keep roadway traffic rolling safely, so technological solutions, such as Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), are favored. AVs have considerable potential to increase the carrying capacity of roads, ameliorate the chore of driving, improve safety, provide mobility for those who cannot drive, and help the environment. However, they also raise concerns over whether they are socially responsible, accounting for issues such as fairness, equity, and transparency. Regulatory bodies have focused on AV safety, cybersecurity, privacy, and legal liability issues, but have failed to adequately address social responsibility. Thus, existing AV developers do not have to embed social responsibility factors in their proprietary technology. Adverse bias may therefore occur in the development and deployment of AV technology. For instance, an artificial intelligence-based pedestrian detection application used in an AV may, in limited lighting...
This paper summarizes the forecast made by others on when automated and self-driving cars are going to be available, and when will they be common on the roads. Based on current forecasts, it is concluded that accommodations to construction and operation of roads and cities will not have to be done at this time, however this is the time to develop strategies to enhance positive outcomes and mitigate negative impacts the automated and self-driving cars may pose. Now is the time to think of the implications, impacts, benefits and costs, and the potential strategic physical and policy options. Autonomous vehicles and self-driving cars are going to be part of the road users’ transportation professionals are going to have to deal with. Now is the time to plan for accommodations that may need to be implemented to the road catering to users that will not have these autonomous vehicle vehicles but will conflict and interact with those that do. Research suggests that autonomous vehicles will probably increase total vehicle travel unless implemented with offsetting policies such as efficient road and parking pricing. Another critical issue is the degree of potential benefits that can be achieved when only a portion of vehicle travel is autonomous. A key public policy issue is the determination of the degree that this technology may harm people who do not use such vehicles. For now, transportation professionals must get involved in making sure that autonomous vehicles do not create negative impacts to roadway users using or not using self-driving technology. Public Policy makers must plan ahead on how to accommodate self-driving cars. Encouragement from transportation and city government professional is needed, and they must look at ways to create public policy measures that encourage benefits to the cities when self-driving cars are introduced to the market. Benefits can vary, but are not limited to reduction in the need for parking, encouragement of intermodal trips, and expansion of mobility by providing lower-cost travel options. Public policy can encourage the development of new mobility options that are obtained through self-driving cars.
2017 •
The development of Automated Driving Systems is challenging international regulators to make change in order to determine how such systems may be legally sold and driven on our roads. Road safety is expected to be one of the main benefits of automation but it also offers the potential for significant new risks, particularly in the early stages. The insurance industry has a core interest in both the technological and associated regulatory changes because of their impact on liability, cost, and underwriting and has sponsored significant research activity to understand the issues. Driver assistance systems that act in the brief moments before a collision, or to support and not replace driver inputs, are being progressively proven effective and full automation (SAE levels 4&5) is expected to be highly beneficial. However, where the driver is not needed for the driving task but must be capable of resuming control at any moment (SAE 3) considerable risks of public confusion and pricing di...
Future cities and autonomous vehicles: analysis of the barriers to full adoption
Journal Pre-proof Future cities and autonomous vehicles: analysis of the barriers to full adoption2020 •
The inevitable upcoming technology of autonomous vehicles (AVs) will affect our cities and several aspects of our lives. The widespread adoption of AVs repose at crossing distinct barriers that prevent their full adoption. This paper presents a critical review of recent debates about AVs and analyse the key barriers to their full adoption. This study has employed a mixed research methodology on a selected database of recently published research works. Thus, the outcomes of this review integrate the barriers into two main categories; (1) User/Government perspectives that include (i) Users' acceptance and behaviour, (ii) Safety, and (iii) Legislation. (2) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) which include (i) Computer software and hardware, (ii) Communication systems V2X, and (iii) accurate positioning and mapping. Furthermore, a framework of barriers and their relations to AVs system architecture has been suggested to support future research and technology development.
IAEME PUBLICATION
ENHANCING VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY: A TECHNICAL DEEP DIVE INTO VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION2024 •
This article delves into the critical processes of Verification and Validation (V&V) in vehicular technology, a cornerstone in ensuring modern vehicles' safety, reliability, and performance. It begins with an overview of the foundational stage of system design and requirements specification, emphasizing the importance of a clear blueprint and alignment with user needs and regulatory standards. The discussion then bifurcates into the two main pillars of V&V: Verification, which ensures the vehicle and its subsystems are built according to specified requirements, and Validation, which tests the vehicle in real-world scenarios to confirm its fitness for the intended purpose. The technical nuances of V&V are explored across different vehicular domains: traditional automotive systems, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs). For AVs, special attention is given to sensor and perception system validation, algorithmic verification, and Human-Machine Interface (HMI) testing. In the context of EVs, the focus shifts to the Battery Management System (BMS), electric drivetrain testing, and charging system validation. Emerging trends and challenges in V&V are discussed, particularly the integration of advanced technologies such as AI, machine learning, and cybersecurity. The article underscores the evolving nature of V&V processes, highlighting the need for adaptability in response to technological advancements and changing regulatory landscapes. The conclusion reiterates the essential role of V&V in bridging the gap between innovative vehicular designs and their real-world implementation, ensuring that vehicles not only meet design specifications but also adhere to the highest safety and performance standards. As vehicular technology progresses, V&V is poised to become even more sophisticated, incorporating state-of-the-art simulations and predictive models and focusing on holistic system validation within an interconnected vehicular ecosystem.
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