Positivity ratio of emotional experience and human flourishing

Fredrickson & Losada(2005)는 서양 참가자들을 대상으로 한 연구들을 종합하여 2.9 이상의 긍정정서 대비 부정정서 비율이 개인의 정신건강의 번영과 관련되어 나타날 것이라고 예측하였다. 본 연구는 한국 문화에서 번영과 연관되어 나타나는 긍정성 비율이 더 낮을 것으로 예상하고 자아개념이라는 개인차 변인을 사용하여 긍정성 비율과 번영의 관련성의 문화차를 설명하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 번영하는 한국 참가자들의 정서 경험의 긍정성 비율은 기존 서양 참가자들을 대상으로 한 연구보다 낮았다. 또한, 한국 문화 내에서 서양문화에서 보편적으로 나타나는 독립적 자아를 가진 참가자들은 긍정정서만 번영의 변화를 유의미하게 예측하였으나 동아시아문화에서 보편적인 상호의존적 자아를 가진 참가자들은 긍정정서보다 부정정서가 더 유의미하게 번영의 변화를 예측하였다. 이에 더하여 종단 연구를 통하여 정서 경험의 긍정성 비율과 정신건강의 번영이 상호적 인과성을 보여 선순환 관계에 있음을 밝혔다.

keywords: 정서경험의 긍정성 비율, 정신건강의 번영, 문화차, Positivity ratio, Flourishing, Cultural difference, Self-construal, Positivity ratio, Flourishing, Cultural difference, Self-construal

Abstract

Fredrickson and Losada(2005) have recently found that the positive (PA) to negative (NA) affect ratio of 2.9 or more is predictive of human flourishing. Potential cultural and individual differences of this phenomenon was examined among 143 Korean college students across three time periods. Three findings emerged. First, the positive to negative affect ratio of 2.45, instead of 2.9, was found among the flourishing group in this East Asian sample. Second, self-construal moderated the relation between PA, NA, and flourishing. PA was a better predictor of flourishing than NA among those with a salient independent self, whereas a reverse pattern occurred among those with a strong interdependent self. Finally, the longitudinal analyses suggested that reciprocal enhancement takes place between positivity ratio and flourishing over the course of 4 weeks.

keywords: 정서경험의 긍정성 비율, 정신건강의 번영, 문화차, Positivity ratio, Flourishing, Cultural difference, Self-construal, Positivity ratio, Flourishing, Cultural difference, Self-construal

참고문헌

한덕웅 (2006). 한국문화에서 주관안녕에 영향을 미치는 사회 심리 요인들. 한국심리학회지：사회문제, 12, 45-79.

Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.

Diener, E., Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Smith, H., & Shao, L. (1995). National differences in reported subjective well- being of nations. Social Indicators Research, 34, 7-32.

Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (1999). National differences in subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz(Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology(pp.434-450). New York: Russell-Sage.

Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter-and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psy- chology, 81, 869-885.

Elliot, A. J., Chirkov, V. I., Kim, Y., & Sheldon, K. M. (2001). A cross-cultural analysis of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals. Psychological Science, 12, 505-510.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, F. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172-175.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60, 678-686.

10.

Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emo- tions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.

11.

Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005). What(and why) is posi- tive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9, 103-110.

12.

Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.

13.

Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, d. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C., & Matsumoto, H. (2001). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 599-615.

14.

Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psy- chology Quarterly, 61, 121-140.

15.

Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207-222.

16.

Kim, H., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 785-800.

17.

Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh(Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being(pp.113-162). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

18.

Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self- enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psy- chology, 72, 1245-1267.

19.

Lee, A. Y., Aaker, J. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2000). The pleasures and pains of distinct self-construals: The role of interdependence in regulatory focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1122- 1134.

20.

Losada, M. (1999). The complex dynamics of high perfor- mance teams. Mathematical and computer modeling, 30, 179-192.

21.

Losada, M. F., & Heaphy, E. (2004). The role of positivity and connectivity in the performance of business teams: A Nonlinear dynamics. American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 740-765.

22.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and moti- vation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.

23.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S (1994). The cultural con- struction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influences(pp.89-130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

24.

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well- being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.

25.

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.

26.

Schwartz, R. M. (1997). Consider the simple screw: Cogni- tive science, quality improvement, and psychother- apy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 970-983.

27.

Schwartz, R. M., Reynolds, C. F., Ⅲ, Thase, M. E., Frank, E., Fasiczka, A. L., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2002). Opti- mal and normal affect balance in psychotherapy of major depression: Evaluation of the balanced states of mind model. Behavioural and Cognitive Psycho- therapy, 30, 439-450.

28.

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.

29.

Singelis, T. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.

30.

Suh, E. M. (2000). Self, the hyphen between culture and subjective well-being. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being(pp.63-86). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

31.

Suh, E. M. (in press). Downsides of an overly context- sensitive self: implicatins from the culture and sub- jective well-being research. Journal of Personality, in press.

32.

Suh, E. M., & Diener, E. (2006). Stereotypes of a “happy person”: Cultural variations. Manuscript in prep- aration.

33.

Suh, E. M., & Koo, J. (in press). Comparing SWB across cultures and nations: The “what” and “why” questions. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen(Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being, Guilford Press.

34.

Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.21 No.3

정서 경험의 긍정성 비율과 번영

Positivity ratio of emotional experience and human flourishing

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격