Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Drug-Induced Disorders of Bone Metabolism

Incidence, Management and Aviodance

  • Review Articles
  • Pharmacoepidemiology
  • Published:
Drug Safety Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Calcium homestasis depends upon the interplay of intertinal calcium absorption, renal excretion and skleletal mobilistion of calcium, mediated through bone formation and resorption, which are closely coupled in the adult skeleton. Serum calcium is extremely important for maintanance of normal cellular function and is regulated by the major calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1, 25-dihydrxy-vitamin D and calcitone. Certain drugs can interfere with calcium metabolism by effects at different stages in calcium metabolism, and a knowledge of the mechanism of drug action is generally helpful in understanding the varius resultant clinical skeletal syndromes. Corticosteroids, for example, have profound effects at multiple stages of calcium metabolism, resulting in decreased bone formation and enhanced bone resorption leading to accelerated osteoporosis. Drugs such as aluminium and anticonvulsants impair mineralisation, leading to osteoporosis. Other drugs, such as fluoride, are employed for their known effects on bone, but in excess dosage can be harmful by producing mineralisation defects. Management of these conditions will be discussed in this review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adami S, Fossaluzza V, Rossini M, Fertoldo F, Gatti D, et al. Prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis with nandrolone decanoate. Bone and Mineral 15: 72–81, 1991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adinoff AD, Hollister JR. Steroid-induced fractures and bone loss in patients with asthma. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 265–268, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandre C, Chappard D. Intoxication fluoree par l’eau de Vichy St Yorre, un nouveau cas. Presse Medicale 13: 1009, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boivin GY. Bone fluoride content after short term treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride and calcium. Abstracts of the World Congress on Osteoporosis, Copenhagen, p. 653, 1984

  • Boyce BF, Byars J, McWilliams S, et al. Histological and electron microprobe studies of mineralisation in aluminium-related osteomalacia. Journal of Clinical Pathology 45: 502–508, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce BF, Fell GS, Elder HY, et al. Hypercalcaemic osteomalacia due to aluminium toxicity. Lancet 2: 1009–1013, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bressot C, Meunier PJ, Chapuy MC, et al. Histomorphometric profile, pathophysiology and reversibility of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis. Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 1: 303–319, 1979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler RC, Davie MWJ, Worsfold M, Sharp CA. Bone mineral content in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to low-dose steroid therapy. British Journal of Rheumatology 30: 86–90, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen C, Rodbro P, Lund M. Incidence of antoconvulsant osteomalacia and effect of vitamin D: controlled therapeutic trial. British Medical Journal 4: 695–701, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming RG, Klineberg RJ. Aluminium in antacids and cooking pots and the risk of hip fractures in the elderly. Abstract. International Journal of Epidemiology, in press, 1994

  • Dahlman T, Lindval N, Hellgren M. Osteopenia in pregnancy during long-term heparin treatment. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 97: 221–228, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dambacher MA, Ittner J, Rueggsegger P. Fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 7: 199–205, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis JM, Mercado R. Scurvy following folic acid antagonist therapy. Radiology 67: 412–415, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devogelaer JP, Huaux JP, Resimont P, et al. Fractures and stress fractures of the appendicular skeleton in a group of 37 patients treated with sodium fluoride and calcium. Abstracts of the Conference on Calcium Regulating Hormones and Bone Metabolism. p. 406, Nice, 1986

  • Elinder CG, Ahrengart L, Lidums V, Pettersson E, Sjogren B. Evidence of aluminium accumulation in aluminium welders. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 48: 735–738, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer MH, Adkins WN, Liebl BH, VanCalcar SC, Marlett JA. Bone status in nonambulant, epileptic institutionalised youth. Clinical Pediatrics 27: 499–505, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flora L, Hassing GS, Parfitt AM, Villaneuva AR. Comparative skeletal effects of two diphosphonates in dogs. Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 2(Suppl. 1): 389–407, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardel B, Suttor B, Chateau JY, Samaille V, Hardouin P. Têtes femoral et fluor. Abstracts of Journess Provinciales de la Societé Francaise de Rhumatologie, p. 69, Limoges, 1990

  • Garrett P, McWade M, O’Callaghan J. Radiological assessment of aluminium-related bone disease. Clinical Radiology 37: 63–70, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gennari C, Citivelli R. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Clinics in the Rheumatic Diseases 12: 637–654, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg JS, Kowalchuk G, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin effect on bone density. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 64: 286–289, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gluck OS, Murphy WA, Hahn TJ, Hahn BH. Bone loss in adults receiving alternate day glucocorticoid therapy: a comparison with daily therapy. Arthritis and Rheumatism 24: 892–898, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gnudi S, Butturini L, Ripamonti C, Avella M, Baci G. The effects of methotrexate on bone. A densitometric study conducted on 59 patients with methotrexate administered at different doses. Italian Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 14: 231, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman WG, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky E, Salusky IB. Renal osteodystrophy in adults and children. In Favus MJ (Ed.) Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, pp. 200–212, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Kelseyville, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman WG, Duarte MEL. Aluminium: effects on bone and role in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 17: 221–232, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grecu EO, Weinshelbaum A, Simmons R. Effective therapy of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Calcified Tissue International 46: 294–299, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith G, Nichols G, Asher JD, Flanaghan B. Heparin Osteoporosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 193: 85–88, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, Bran DT. Effects of short term glucocorticoid administration on intestinal calcium absorption and circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 52: 111–115, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn TJ, Hendin BA, Scharp CR, Boisseau VC, Haddad JG. Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels and bone mass in children on chronic anticonvulsant therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 292: 550–554, 1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall GM, Spector TD, Griffin AJ, et al. The effect of rheumatoid arthritis and steroid therapy on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arthritis and Rheumatism 36: 1510–1516, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haram K, Thordarson H, Hervig T. Calcium homeostasis in pregnancy and lactation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandin-avica72: 509–513, 1993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaney RP, Saville PD. Etidronate disodium in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20: 593–604, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter J, Maxwell JD, Steward DA, et al. Altered calcium metabolism in epileptic children on anticonvulsants. British Medical Journal 14: 202–204, 1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inkovaara J, Heikenheimo R, Jarvinen K, et al. Prophylactic fluoride treatment and aged bones. British Medical Journal 3: 73–74, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly PJ, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Potential protection by cyclosporin against glucocorticoid effects on bone. Lancet 2: 1388, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleerekoper M, Mendlovic DB. Sodium fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrine Reviews 14: 312–323, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleerekoper M, Peterson E, Nelson DA, et al. A randomised trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for post-menopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 1: 155–162, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein RG, Arnaud SB, Gallagher JC, et al. Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisolism, Role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. Journal of Clinical Investigation 60: 253–259, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laan RFJM, Van Riel PLCM, Van de Putte LBA. Low dose prednisone induces rapid reversible axial bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Internal Medicine 119: 963–968, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laroche M, Mazieres B. Side effects of fluoride therapy. Clinical Rheumatology 5: 61–76, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leboff MS, Wade JP, Mackowiak S, et al. Low dose prednisone does not affect calcium homeostasis or bone density in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 18: 339–344, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JJK, Lyne ED, Kleerekoper M, Logan MS, Belfi RA. Disorders of bone metabolism in severely handicapped children and young adults. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 245: 297–302, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukert BP, Johnson BE, Robinson RG. Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy reduces glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 7: 1063–1069, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mamelle N, Meunier PJ, Dusan R, et al. Risk-benefit ratio of sodium fluoride treatment in primary vertebral osteoporosis. Lancet 2: 361, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer JK, Cheng MC, Boysen BG, Anderson RL. Two year carcinogenicity study of sodium fluoride in rats. National Cancer Institute Monographs 82: 1118–1126, 1990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy JT, Milliner DS, Kurtz SB, Johnson WJ, Moyer TP. Interpretation of serum aluminium values in dialysis patients. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 86: 629–636, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire SM, Vanable ED, McGuire MH, Buckwalter JA, Douglass CW. Is there a link between between fluoridated water and osteosarcoma? Journal of the American Dental Association 122: 39–45, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Medici TC, Ruegsegger P. Does alternate day cloprednol therapy prevent bone loss? A longitudinal double-blind, controlled clinical study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 48: 455–466, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melissari E, Parker CJ, Wilson NV, et al. Use of low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 68: 652–656, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melton LJ III. Fluoride in the prevention of osteoporosis and fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5(Suppl. 1): S163–S168, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier PJ, Briancon D. Traitement de l’osteoporose idiopathique par l’association fluorore de sodium-vitamin D, calcium. Abstracts de la 5eme Journee de Rhumatologie de la Conception, p, 112, Marseille, 1983

  • Meunier PJ, Dempster DW, Edouard C, Chapuy MC, Arlot M, et al. Bone histomorphometry in corticosteroid induced osteoporosis in Cushings’s syndrome. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 171: 191–200, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monreal M, Olive A, Lafoz E, Del Rio L. Heparins, coumarin, and bone density. Correspondence. Lancet 338: 706, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montemurro L, Schiraldi G, Fraidi P, Tosi G, Riboldi A, et al. Prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis with salmon calcitonin in sarcoid patients. Calcified Tissue International 49: 71–76, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movsowitz C, Epstein S, Fallon M, Ismail F, Thomas S. Cyclosporin A in vivo produces severe osteopenia in the rat: effect of dose and duration of administration. Endocrinology 123: 2571–2577, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movsowitz C, Schlosberg M, Epstein S, Ismail F, Fallon M, et al. Combined treatment with cyclosporin A and cortisone acetate minimizes adverse bone effects of either agent alone. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 8: 635–641, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muchmore JS, Cooper DKC, Ye Y, Schlegel VJ, Zudhdi N. Loss of vertebral bone density in heart transplant patients. Transplantation Proceedings 23: 1184–1185, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbit M, Krivit W, Heyn R, Sharp H. Acute and chronic effects of methotrexate on hepatic, pulmonary and skeletal systems. Cancer 37: 1048–1054, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nevinny MB, Krant MS, Moore EW. Metabolic studies on the effect of methotrexate. Metabolism 14: 135–139, 1965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson OS, Lindholm TS, Elmstedt E, Lindback A, Lindholm TC. Fracture incidence and bone disease in epileptics receiving long-term anticonvulsant drug treatment. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 105: 146–149, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien AAJ, Moore DP, Keogh JAB. Aluminium osteomalacia in chronic renal failure patients neither on dialysis nor taking aluminium containing phosphate binders. Irish Journal of Medical Science 159: 74–76, 1990

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Regan S, Melhorn DK, Newman AJ. Methotrexate-induced bone pain in childhood leukemia. American Journal of Diseases of Children 126: 489–490, 1973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olgaard K, Storm T, Wowern NV, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm, and mandible of nephrotic patients: a double-blind study on the high-dose long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort. Calcified Tissue International 50: 490–497, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ott SM, Maloney NA, Klein GL, et al. Aluminium is associated with low bone formation in patients receiving chronic parenteral nutrition. Annals of Internal Medicine 98: 910–914, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pertetz A, Praet J-P, Bosson D, Rozenberg S, Bourdoux P. Serum osteocalcin in the assessment of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis. Effect of long and short term corticosteroid therapy. Journal of Rheumatology 16: 363–367, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Platts MM, Goode GC, Hislop JS. Composition of the domestic water supply and the incidence of fractures and encephalopathy in patients on home dialysis. British Medical Journal 2: 657–660, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pocock NA, Eisman JA, Dunstan CR, et al. Recovery from steroid-induced osteoporosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 107: 319–323, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preston SJ, Diamond T, Scott A, Laurent MR. Methotrexate osteopathy in rheumatic disease. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 52: 582–585, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ragab AH, Frech RS, Vietti TJ. Osteoporotic fractures secondary to methotrexate therapy of acute leukemia in remission. Cancer 25: 580–585, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid IR, King AR, Alexander CJ, Ibbertson HK. Prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidine)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (APD). Lancet 1: 143–146, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid IR, Ibbertson HK. Evidence of decreased tubular resorption of calcium in glucocorticoid treated asthmatics. Hormone Research 27: 200–204, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich C, Ensink F. Effect of sodium fluoride on calcium metabolism of human beings. Nature 191: 184–185, 1961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richens A, Rowe DJF. Disturbance of calcium metabolism by anticonvulsant drugs. British Medical Journal 4: 73–76, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs BL. Treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride: an appraisal. In Peck WA (Ed.) Bone and Mineral Research, Annual 2, p. 250, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O’Fallon WM, et al. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 322: 802–809, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs BL, O’Fallon WM, Lane A, et al. Clinical trial of fluoride therapy in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: extended observation and additional analyses. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 9: 265–276, 1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ripa LW. A half-century of community water fluoridation in the United States: review and commentary. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 53: 17–44, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romanski SA, McCarthy JT, Kluge K, Fitzpatrick LA. Detection of subtle aluminium-related osteodystrophy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 68: 419–426, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RGG. Drug treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. Clinics in the Rheumatic Diseases 5: 673–695, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook PN, Birmingham J, Kelly PJ, Kempler S, Pocock NA, et al. Prevention of corticosteroid osteoporosis; a comparison of calcium, calcitriol and calcitonin, New England Journal of Medicine 328: 1747–1752, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook PN, Eisman JA, Champion GD, Pocock NA, Yeates MG, et al. Osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis: safety of low dose corticosteroids. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 45: 950–953, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook PN, Kempler S, Birmingham J, et al. Corticosteroid effects on proximal femur bone loss. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5: 1211–1216, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scalone J, Bowen JR. Methotrexate osteopathy: case report. Contemporary Orthopaedics 17: 46–49, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler CM, Solomon L. Histomorphometric analysis of a calcaneal stress fracture: a possible complication of fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Bone 7: 193–198, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler CM, Wing JR, Mesquita JM, et al. Risk factors for the development of stress fractures during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5(Suppl. 1): S201–S205, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz AM, Leonidas JC. Methotrexate osteopathy. Skeletal Radiology 11: 13–16, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeman E, Wahner HW, Offord KP, et al. Differential effects of endocrine dysfunction on the axial and the appendicular skeleton. Journal of Clinical Investigation 69: 1302–1309, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AJ, Fuagere MC, Abreo K, Fanti P, Malluche HH. Aluminium-related bone disease in mild and advanced renal failure: evidence for high prevalence and morbidity and studies on etiology and diagnosis. American Journal of Nephrology 6: 275–283, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sotaniemi EA, Hakkarainen HK, Puranen JA, Lahti RO. Radiologic bone changes and hypocaclaemia with anticonvulsant therapy in epilepsy. Annals of Internal Medicine 77: 389–394, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spector T, Sambrook PN. Steroid osteoporosis. British Medical Journal 307: 519–520, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanisavljevic S, Babcock AL. Fractures in children treated with methotrexate for leukemia. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 125: 139–144, 1977

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein B, Takizawa M, Schlosberg M, et al. Evidence that cyclosporin G is less deleterious to rat bone in vivo than cyclosporin A. Transplantation 53: 628–632, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinegger AF, Schlatter C. Evaluation of fluoride exposure in aluminium smelters: state of the art. Medicina del Lavoro 83: 489–498, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storm T, Thamsborg G, Steiniche T, Genant HK, Sorensen OH. Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 322: 1265–1271, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki Y, Ichikawa Y, Saito E, et al. Importance of increased urinary calcium excretion in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients under glucocorticoid therapy. Metabolism 32: 151–156, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenenbaum HC, Torontali M, Sukhu B. Effect of bisphosphonates and inorganic pyrophosphate on osteogenesis in vitro. Bone 13: 249–255, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troiano RA, Jotkowitz A, Cook SD, et al. Rate and types of fractures in corticosteroid treated multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology 42: 1389–1391, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, et al. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 323: 73–79, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weingrad TR, Eymontt MJ, Martin JH, Steltz MD. Periostitis due to low-dose fluoride intoxication demonstrated by bone scanning. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 16: 59–61, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bone and Mineral Research Division, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia

    Graeme Jones & Philip N. Sambrook (Associate Professor)

Authors
  1. Graeme Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Philip N. Sambrook
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jones, G., Sambrook, P.N. Drug-Induced Disorders of Bone Metabolism. Drug-Safety 10, 480–489 (1994). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199410060-00006

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199410060-00006

Keywords

Search

Navigation