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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

A Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Essential Hypertension

  • Section 4: Diuretic Therapy and the Elderly Patient
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Summary

The heart adapts to increasing afterload, such as that which occurs in arterial hypertension, with an increase in wall thickness in order to bring wall stress back to normal. As a consequence, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy ensues. Hypertension as well as advancing age has been shown to be associated with an increase in posterior wall thickness. Accordingly, the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy becomes very high in the elderly and may occur in more than 50% of elderly hypertensive patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy is not merely a physiological process serving to compensate for the increased afterload. The Framingham study has indicated that patients with left ventricular hypertrophy are at an increased risk of sudden death and other cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The risk for sudden death is 5 to 6 times higher in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy than in those without, regardless of levels of arterial pressure. By Holter monitoring of these patients it has been shown that those with left ventricular hypertrophy have a prevalence of premature ventricular contractions that is 40 to 50 times higher than those patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. In addition, patients with left ventricular hypertrophy rated substantially higher with regard to Lown’s classes than those without. These data indicate that left ventricular hypertrophy is common, particularly in the elderly, and predisposes to ventricular ectopy, higher grade arrhythmias, and sudden death. Clearly, these considerations have to be taken into account when selecting antihypertensive therapy inasmuch as hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and other electrolyte shifts predisposing to ventricular arrhythmias must be scrupulously avoided.

Résumé

Le coeur s’adapte à une post-charge croissante, comme celle qui survient dans l’hypertension artérielle, par une augmentation de l’épaisseur de la paroi pour ramener sa dilatation à la normale. En conséquence, il s’ensuit une hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche concentrique. L’hypertension, aussi bien que l’âge avancé, sont connus pour s’associer à une augmentation d’épaisseur de la paroi postérieure. Corrélativement, la prévalence de l’hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche devient très élevée chez le sujet âgé et peut survenir chez plus de 50% des sujets âgés hypertendus. L’hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche n’est pas seulement un processus physiologique servant de compensation à l’augmentation de la post-charge. L’étude de Framingham a montré que les malades en hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche présentent un risque plus grand de mort subite et d’autres processus de morbidité et de mortalité cardiovasculaires. Le risque de mort subite est 5 à 6 fois plus élevé chez les malades en hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche que chez les malades indemnes de cette pathologie. Il a été démontré par enregistrement Holter de ces malades en hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche qu’ils ont une prévalence de contractions ventriculaires prématurées de 40 à 50 fois plus élevée que les malades sans hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche. De plus, les malades en hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche se situent notablement plus haut dans la classification de Lown que ceux qui n’en ont pas. Ces données indiquent que l’hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche est fréquente, particulièrement chez le sujet âgé, et prédispose à l’ectopie ventriculaire, à des arythmies plus sévères et à la mort subite. Evidemment, on doit tenir compte de ces considérations quand on sélectionne un traitement antihypertenseur dans la mesure où l’hypokaliémie, l’hypomagnésémie et d’autres désordres électrolytiques qui prédisposent aux arythmies ventriculaire doivent être scrupuleusement évités.

Zusammenfassung

Das Herz adaptiert gegenüber einer erhöhten Nachlast, wie sie bei der arteriellen Hypertonie auftritt, mit einer Erhöhung der Wanddicke, um die Beanspruchung der Wand wieder zu normalisieren. Als eine Konsequenz erfolgt eine konzentrische links-ventrikuläre Hypertrophie. Es wurde gezeigt, daβ sowohl eine Hypertonie als auch das fortgeschrittene Alter mit einem Anstieg der posterioren Wanddicke assoziiert sind. Dem zufolge tritt eine links-ventrikuläre Hypertrophie in hohem Maβe bei den Älteren auf und kann bei mehr als 50% der älteren Hypertoniker vorkommen. Die links-ventrikuläre Hypertrophie ist nicht bloβ ein physiologischer Prozeβ, der dazu dient, die erhöhte Nachlast zu kompensieren. Die Framingham-Studie hat gezeigt, daβ Patienten mit links-ventrikulärer Hypertrophie ein erhöhtes Risiko für den plötzlichen Herztod und für andere kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität besitzen. Das Risiko eines plötzlichen Herztodes ist 5–6mal höher bei Patienten mit links-ventrikulärer Hypertrophie als bei anderen, unabhängig von der Höhe des arteriellen Drucks. Durch Holter-Monitoring wurde nachgewiesen, daβ bei diesen Patienten mit links-ventrikulärer Hypertrophie vorzeitige ventrikuläre Kontraktionen 40–50mal häufiger sind als bei Patienten ohne eine links-ventrikuläre Hypertrophie. Auβerdem sind Patienten mit links-ventrikulärer Hypertrophie substantiell höher hinsichtlich der Lown’s-Klassen einzuordnen als jene ohne. Diese Daten zeigen an, daβ eine linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie häufig ist, insbesondere bei den Älteren und zu ventrikulären Ektopien, Arrhythmien höheren Grades und zu plötzlichem Herztod prädispioniert. Dies muβ bei der Auswahl einer antihypertensiven Therapie in Betracht gezogen werden, da eine Hypokaliämie, Hypomagnesämie und andere Elektrolytveränderungen, die zu ventrikulären Arrhythmien Anlaβ geben, peinlichst zu vermeiden sind.

Resumen

El corazón se adapta a una creciente poscarga, como la que aparece en la hipertensión arterial, aumentando el grosor de la pared con objeto de hacer volver a lo normal el esfuerzo parietal. Como consecuencia, se produce hipertrofia ventricular izquierda concéntrica. Se ha visto que la hipertensión y la edad avanzada van unidas a un aumento de grosor de la pared posterior. En consecuencia, el predominio de la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda es muy elevado en el anciano y se manifestará en más del 50% de los ancianos hipertensos. La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda no es meramente un proceso fisiológico que sirve para compensar el aumento de la poscarga. El estudio Framingham indica que los pacientes de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda corren más riesgo de muerte súbita y otras causas de morbididad y mortalidad cardiovascular. El riesgo de muerte repentina es entre cinco y seis veces mayor en los pacientes con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda que en los que no la tienen, cualesquiera que sean los nivelés de presión arterial. En el seguimiento Holter de estos sujetos se ha demostrado que los enfermos con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda muestran un predominio de contracciones ventriculares prematuras que es 40 a 50 veces mayor que el de los pacientes sin ella. Además, los casos de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda se situaron sustancialmente más arriba con respecto a las closes de Lown. Estos datos indican que la hipertrofia ventricular esfrecuente, sobre todo en el anciano, y predispone a la ectopia ventricular, a las arritmias de grado alto y a la muerte repentina. Evidentemente, hay que tener en cuenta estas consideraciones al elegir la terapéutica hipotensora: deben evitarse escrupulosamente la hipocaliemia, la hipomagnesemia y otras desviaciones electrolíticas que predisponen a las arritmias ventriculares.

Resumo

O coração se adapta às pós-cargas, tais como as que ocorrem em estado de hipertensão arterial, com um aumento na espessura da parede, a fim de trazer a tensão da parede de volta ao normal. Como consequência, ocorre hipertrofia concêntrica do ventrículo esquerdo. Demonstrou-se que tanto a hipertensão como a idade avançada estão associadas a um aumento de espessura da parede posterior. Sendo assim, a incidência de hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo é muito alta nos indivíduos idosos, podendo ocorrer em mais de 50% dos pacientes idosos com hipertensão. A hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo não é apenas um processo fisiológico para compensar a maior pós-carga. O estudo de Framingham indicou que pacientes com hipertrofia do ventriculo esquerdo correm um maior risco de morte súbita ou outra forma de morbidade ou mortalidade cardiovascular. O risco de morte súbita é 5 a 6 vezes mais alto em pacientes com hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo que nos que não a têm, independentemente dos níveis de pressão arterial. A aplicação de monitoria de Holter nestes pacientes revelou, nos portadores de hipertrofia do ventriculo esquerdo, que a ocorrência de contrações ventriculares prematuras é de 40 a 50 vezes mais alta que a dos não-portadores de hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo. Além disso, os pacientes com hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo, na classificação de Lown, situaram-se bem acima dos pacientes não-portadores de uma tal hipertrofia. Estes dados indicam que a hipertrofia do ventriculo esquerdo é ocorrência comum, particularmente entre pessoas idosas, predispondo à ectopia ventricular, a arritmias acentuadas e à morte súbita. Evidentemente, estas considerações têm que ser levadas em conta ao se selecionar uma terapia para hipertensão, uma vez que a hipopotassemia, a hipomagnesemia ou qualquer outra variação eletrolítica que predisponha a arritmias ventriculares deve ser escrupulosamente evitada.

Riassunto

Il cuore si adatta ad un aumento del postcarico, come quello che avviene in corso di ipertensione arteriosa, con un aumento nello spessore della parete per riportare alla norma lo stress parietale. Come conseguenza si sviluppa una ipertrofia concentrica del ventricolo sinistro. È stato dimostrato che l’ipertensione, come il progredire dell’età, sono associate ad un aumento dello spessore della parete posteriore. In accordo a ciò, la prevalenza di ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra è molto alta nell’anziano e può presentarsi in oltre il 50% degli ipertesi anziani. L’ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra non è semplicemente un processo fisiologico necessario a compensare l’aumento del postcarico. Lo studio di Framingham ha indicato che pazienti con ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra presetano un aumento del rischio di morte improvvisa e di morbilità e mortalità cardiovascolare. Il rischio di morte improvvisa è da 5 a 6 volte maggiore in pazienti con ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra rispetto a quelli che ne siano privi, indipendentemente dai livelli di pressione arteriosa. Il monitoraggio secondo Holter di questi pazienti ha dimostrato che quelli con ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra hanno una prevalenza di extrasistoli ventricolari che è 40–50 volte maggiore rispetto a quelli in cui l’ipertrofia non sia presente. Inoltre, pazienti con ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra appartengono ad una classe Lown più alta rispetto a quelli senza ipertrofia. Questi dati indicano che l’ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra è comune, specie nell’anziano, e predispone ad ectopie ventricolari, ad aritmie gravi e a morte improvvisa. Ovviamente, questi dati devono essere considerati nella scelta della terapia antiipertensiva, poichè l’ipopotassiemia, l’ipomagnesiemia e altre modificazioni elettrolitiche predisponenti le aritmie ventricolari devono essere scrupolosamente evitate.

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Messerli, F.H., Schmieder, R. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Drugs 31 (Suppl 4), 192–201 (1986). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198600314-00023

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