Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a synthetic immunoreactive peptide consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid attached to a short amino acid chain of L-Ala-D-isoGln. It was first identified in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan as an active component in Freunds complete adjuvant. In the cell, MDP is detected by NOD2, a cytoplasmic receptor belonging to the human innate immune system. NOD2 mutations are frequently observed in patients with Crohns disease, an autoimmune disorder, suggesting the significance of the MDP-NOD2 pathway in activating immunity. For this reason, structural modifications of MDP and its derivatives have been extensively studied in an attempt to increase adjuvant activity and boost the immune response effectively for clinical use in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. This review summarizes the synthetic chemistry of MDP and its derivatives and discusses their pharmacological action and stereoselective synthesis.
Keywords: Adjuvant, derivatives, immunological disorders, cancer therapy, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, MDP, MDP synthesis, medicinal application, peptidoglycan
Current Bioactive Compounds
Title: Muramyl Dipeptide and its Derivatives: Peptide Adjuvant in Immunological Disorders and Cancer Therapy
Volume: 7 Issue: 3
Author(s): Chikako Ogawa, Yuen-Joyce Liu and Koichi S. Kobayashi
Affiliation:
Keywords: Adjuvant, derivatives, immunological disorders, cancer therapy, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, MDP, MDP synthesis, medicinal application, peptidoglycan
Abstract: Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a synthetic immunoreactive peptide consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid attached to a short amino acid chain of L-Ala-D-isoGln. It was first identified in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan as an active component in Freunds complete adjuvant. In the cell, MDP is detected by NOD2, a cytoplasmic receptor belonging to the human innate immune system. NOD2 mutations are frequently observed in patients with Crohns disease, an autoimmune disorder, suggesting the significance of the MDP-NOD2 pathway in activating immunity. For this reason, structural modifications of MDP and its derivatives have been extensively studied in an attempt to increase adjuvant activity and boost the immune response effectively for clinical use in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. This review summarizes the synthetic chemistry of MDP and its derivatives and discusses their pharmacological action and stereoselective synthesis.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ogawa Chikako, Liu Yuen-Joyce and S. Kobayashi Koichi, Muramyl Dipeptide and its Derivatives: Peptide Adjuvant in Immunological Disorders and Cancer Therapy, Current Bioactive Compounds 2011; 7 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340711796817913
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340711796817913 |
Print ISSN 1573-4072 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6646 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Are KRAS/BRAF Mutations Potent Prognostic and/or Predictive Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancers?
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Nongenomic Actions of Retinoids: Role of Nur77 and RXR in the Regulation of Apoptosis and Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Modeling and Proposed Molecular Mechanism of Hydroxyurea Through Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation to Curtail the Action of Ribonucleotide Reductase
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Hypoxia PET Tracers in EBRT Dose Planning in Head and Neck Cancer
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (Sod2) and Redox-Control of Signaling Events That Drive Metastasis
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Development of PET Probes for Cancer Imaging
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Current Perspectives on Cytokines for Anti-retroviral Therapy in AIDS Related B-cell Lymphomas
Current Drug Targets - Infectious Disorders Synthesis and <i>In Silico</i> Studies of C-4 Substituted Coumarin Analogues as Anticancer Agents
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Characterization of Molecular and Functional Alterations of Tumor Endothelial Cells to Design Anti-Angiogenic Strategies
Current Vascular Pharmacology Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor (VEGF), An Emerging Target for Cancer Chemotherapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Sustained and Targeted Delivery of Anti-Cancer Drugs: Current Status and Future Prospects
Current Drug Delivery Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors [VEGFR] as Target in Breast Cancer Treatment: Current Status in Preclinical and Clinical Studies and Future Directions
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Delivery Methods of Camptothecin and Its Hydrosoluble Analogue Irinotecan for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Current Drug Delivery Small Interfering RNA for Effective Cancer Therapies
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Role of ABC Transporters in Veterinary Medicine: Pharmaco- Toxicological Implications
Current Medicinal Chemistry Radioprotective and Anticancer Efficacies of Ganoderma Lucidum in a Mouse Tumor Model
Current Traditional Medicine Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Potential Targets for Anti-Cancer Activity of Marine Invertebrate-Derived Compounds
Current Pharmaceutical Design Research Progress of Axl Inhibitors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Complex 3D Models to Study Drug Targeting of Invadopodia
Clinical Cancer Drugs Therapeutic Use of Chemokines
Current Pharmaceutical Design