دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق بین الملل دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران.

2 کارشناس ارشد سازمان های بین المللی و حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده روابط بین الملل، تهران، ایران

3 عضو هیات علمی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی

چکیده

حملات متعدد ائتلاف آمریکایی به سوریه طی سال‌های 2014 تا 2018 که با بهانه‌جویی‌های مختلف اعم از مبارزه با داعش یا نوعی از مداخلۀ بشردوستانه به‌منظور مقابله با کاربرد ادعایی تسلیحات شیمیایی صورت گرفته، تمامیت بند 4 مادۀ 2 منشور ملل متحد را خدشه‌دار ساخته است. نظریات حقوقی مختلف و البته غیرقابل قبولی از جمله «تئوری عدم تمایل و عدم توانایی»، «تئوری بسط مفهوم دفاع مشروع دسته‌جمعی عراق علیه داعش در خاک سوریه»، نظریۀ «ابهام خلاقانه و سازندۀ قطعنامۀ 2249» و «تئوری رضایت ضمنی» در توجیه حملات ائتلاف به رهبری آمریکا علیه مواضع داعش در خاک سوریه طرح شده است. در خصوص حمله به آنچه تأسیسات سلاح‌های شیمیایی دولت سوریه نامیده شده، به استدلال‌هایی همچون «اقدامات تلافی‌جویانه به‌منظور مقابله با کاربرد تسلیحات شیمیایی»، «مداخلۀ بشردوستانه در بستر اجرای کنوانسیون سلاح‌های شیمیایی» و «تمایز میان مشروعیت و قانونی بودن مداخلۀ نظامی» به‌صورت صریح یا ضمنی استناد شده است. این نوشتار به‌منظور پاسخگویی به این پرسش که «چرا حملات آمریکا و متحدانش به سوریه در خلال سال‌های 2014 تا 2018 غیرقانونی تلقی می‌شود؟»، با روشی توصیفی - تحلیلی به بررسی نظریات و استدلال‌های حقوقی مطرح‌شده در مورد این حملات می‌پردازد و این فرضیه را آزمون می‌کند که «حملات آمریکا و متحدانش به سوریه در قالب هیچ‌یک از استثنائات وارد بر بند 4 مادۀ 2 منشور یعنی مواد 42 و 51 قرار نگرفته و از طرفی دیگر عنصر رافع وصف متخلفانه یعنی رضایت دولت سوریه نیز احراز نشده است؛ بدین‌ترتیب، حملات مزبور غیرقانونی تلقی می‌شوند».

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Prohibition of Use of Force and US and Allies Attacks on Syria during 2014-2018

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Reza Mobini 1
  • Javad Mobini 2
  • pouria Askari 3

1 department of international law, faculty of law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.

2 MA, in international organizations and international law, Faculty of International relations, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Prof. Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

US and allies multiple attacks on Syria during 2014-2018 with the excuses of, inter alia, fighting against ISIS and humanitarian intervention to prevent claimed use of chemical weapons is in breach of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Several unacceptable arguments including: “The unwilling and unable theory”, “Iraq collective self-defense against ISIS in Syria”, “The creative and constructive ambiguity of S/RES/2249” and “Implied consent or passive consent theory” have been put forwarded to justify US-led coalition attacks on ISIS in Syria. On the other hand, in an attempt to justify attacks on so-called Syrian chemical facilities, it has been explicitly or implicitly resorted to some invalid arguments including: “Strikes on Syria in retaliation for chemical attack”, “Humanitarian intervention for Chemical Weapons Convention implementation” and “The distinction between the legitimacy and legality of military intervention”. In order to answer the question that “Why do the US and allies attacks against Syria during 2014-2018 are illegal?”, this paper descriptively and analytically consider the deployed arguments supporting the above-mentioned attacks and examines this hypothesis: “the aforementioned attacks are international wrongful acts as they cannot be considered as self-defense or collective security system outlined respectively in Article 51 and Article 42 of the UN Charter. On the other hand, the valid consent of Syria, which may preclude the wrongfulness of these attacks, has not been obtained; so, US and allies’ attacks against Syria during 2014-2018 are illegal”.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Progressive Development of the Rules Governing Use of Force
  • Self-Defense
  • Syria
  • Prohibition of the Use of Force
  • ISIS
  • SC/RES/2249
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