مطالعه تطبیقی الزامات حقوقی طراحی قراردادهای هوشمند دیجیتالی در حقوق ایران و فرانسه

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.

2 استادیار حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.

3 استاد گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه مفید، قم، ایران.

چکیده

در دهه اخیر، ترکیب فناوری پایگاه داده توزیع‌ شده موسوم به بلاک‌چین و قراردادهای دیجیتالی، منجر به ابداع شکل مدرن قراردادهای هوشمند شده است. در واقع قرارداد هوشمند، نرم‌افزار رایانه‌ای با قابلیت خوداجرایی است. رفع مشکل نقض تعهدات به‌ویژه بین متعاملین ناشناس در عرصه بین‌المللی، کاهش لزوم مراجعه به دادگاه‌ها، حذف عمده مداخلات انسانی در تأیید و اجرای مفاد قرارداد از دستاوردهای این ابتکار است. حال این‌ سوال مطرح می‌شود که علاوه بر شرایط اساسی عقود که در ماده 190 قانون مدنی آمده، رعایت کدام ضوابط حقوقی در طراحی این نوع قراردادها به‌خصوص جهت حمایت از عموم افراد غیر‌حقوقدان جامعه الزامی است؟ در پژوهش حاضر که با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی انجام شده، تحولات اخیر قانون مدنی فرانسه در راستای تنظیم مقررات ویژه قراردادهای الکترونیکی در تطبیق با حقوق ایران مطالعه شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد به‌دلیل عدم انطباق کامل ماهیت قراردادهای هوشمند با قراردادهای الکترونیکی حقوقی رایج، ممکن است برخی از ضوابط مهم حقوقی نظیر رفتار با حسن‌نیت و تعهد به آگاهی کامل متعاملین از مفاد قرارداد، در این‌گونه قراردادها نقض شود. ضمن اینکه احتمال اختلال در معیارهای شخصی یا ذهنی حاکم بر صحت معاملات مانند رضایت بر انعقاد قرارداد در نمایندگی الکترونیکی وجود دارد. نتیجه اینکه مستفاد از قاعده فقهی استیمار، حداکثر اختیار نماینده الکترونیکی، ارائه مشاوره در انعقاد عقد است و اراده اشخاص را نمی‌توان مغلوب الگوریتم‌های از پیش تعیین شده رایانه دانست. لذا راه‌حل پیشنهادی به منظور ظهور اراده طرفین، استفاده از قراردادهای هوشمند ترکیبی(کد و متن) است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A comparative study of the legal requirements for designing digital smart contracts In Iranian and French law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mojtaba Dehghani Tafti 1
  • Marzieh Afzali Mehr 2
  • Rabia Eskini 3
1 PhD student in Private Law, Department of Law, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Private Law, Department of Law, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In the last decade, the combination of blockchain, distributed ledger technology, and digital contracts has led to the invention of the modern form of smart contracts. In fact, smart contract is a self-executing computer software. Resolving the problem of breaches of obligations-especially among anonymous interlocutors in the international arena-, reducing the need to physically go to the court, eliminating major human interventions in the ratification and implementation of the provisions of the contract are some of the achievements of this initiative. One question which is raised is that in addition to the basic conditions of contracts mentioned in Article 190 of the Civil Code, ‘what legal rules are required in the design of such contracts, especially to protect the public non-legal entities?’ The present study was done by descriptive-analytical method to investigate the recent developments of French civil law in order to regulate special provisions of electronic contracts in compliance with Iranian law. Findings show that due to the inconsistency of the nature of smart contracts with current electronic legal contracts, some important legal rules such as good behavior and commitment of the parties to the full knowledge of the provisions of the contract may be violated in such contracts. In addition, there is a possibility of violation of personal or mental criteria governing the correctness of transactions, such as consent to conclude a contract in the electronic agency. As a result, using the jurisprudential rule of Estimar, the maximum authority of the electronic representative is to provide advice in concluding a contract, and the will of individuals cannot be considered as defeated by predetermined computer algorithms. Therefore, the proposed solution in order to express the full will of parties is to use smart combined contracts (code and text).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hybrid smart contract
  • blockchain
  • France
  • Estimar rule
  • Negotiation

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    • تاریخ دریافت: 18 اسفند 1400
    • تاریخ بازنگری: 28 تیر 1401
    • تاریخ پذیرش: 08 مهر 1401

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