بررسی جوانب حقوقیِ میانجی‌گری برخط مطالعه تطبیقی در مقررات بین‌المللی و رویکرد حقوق ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق علوم و سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد ، ایران

4 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

میانجی‌گری، یکی از طرق شناخته‌شده حل‌وفصل اختلافات محسوب می‌شود و با توجه به توسعه استفاده از اینترنت توسط اشخاص، انتقال اکثر فعالیت‌های تجاری به فضای مجازی و انعقاد بسیاری از معاملات توسط ابزار الکترونیکی، در بسیاری از دعاوی، طرفین دعوا، متمایل به استفاده از میانجی‌گری برخط جهت حل اختلاف خود می‌باشند. پژوهش حاضر برخی چالش‌های میانجی‌گری برخط و موضع مقررات بین‌المللی و حقوق ایران نسبت به آن‌ها را در مباحث ذیل مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد تا اشخاص و فعالان تجاری، با در نظر گرفتن ملاحظات مذکور، بتوانند بهتر در خصوص کارآمدی این روش حل اختلاف و استفاده از آن قضاوت نمایند: «فقدان ارتباط حضوری در میانجی‌گری برخط»، «چالش محرمانگی در فرایند میانجی‌گری برخط»، «عدم اقبال به میانجی‌گری برخط در برخی دعاوی»، «ضعف کنترل میانجی بر فرایند میانجی‌گری برخط» و «دشواری اجرای اجباری نتیجه میانجی‌گری برخط». در نهایت این مقاله به این نتیجه نائل آمده است که در صورت تأکید طرفین میانجی‌گری بر مذاکره حضوری، فقدان اعتماد اشخاص مذکور به میانجی، عدم دسترسی به فناوری‌های ارتباطی موردنیاز یا عدم توانایی در استفاده از آن‌ها و عدم اطمینان از رعایت محرمانگی توسط طرف مقابل و میانجی، چالش‌های جدی در مقابل طرفین بروز خواهد کرد که نیازمند تدارک راه‌حل هستند. با توجه به فقدان قانون خاص در خصوص میانجی‌گری در حقوق ایران، به مقنن ایرانی پیشنهاد می‌شود ضمن تصویب قانونی جامع در خصوص میانجی‌گری، اقتضائات خاص میانجی‌گری برخط را نیز در آن لحاظ کند تا اشخاص و فعالان تجاری بتوانند از مزایای متعدد این روش حل اختلاف بهره‌مند شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study of the Enforcement of Final Documents in Online Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods

نویسندگان [English]

  • SeyedAlireza Rezaee 1
  • Reza Maboudi Neishabouri 2
  • Azam Ansari 3
  • Abdollah khodabakhshi Shalamzari 4
1 Phd Student of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Private Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor of Private Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Private Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Mediation is one of the well-known dispute resolution methods, and due to the increase in the use of the Internet by individuals, the transfer of most businesses to cyberspace and the conclusion of many transactions by electronic means, in many lawsuits, parties tend to use online mediation to resolve their dispute. The present study examines the challenges of online mediation and the approach of international regulations and Iranian law towards them in the following topics, so that individuals and business actors can figure out the suitability of online mediation to resolve their disputes by taking into account the above considerations: "Lack of face-to-face communication in online mediation", "challenge of confidentiality in online mediation", "general reluctance of using online mediation in some cases", "weak control of meditator over online mediation", and "the difficulty of enforcement of online mediation". Finally, this article concludes that in case of insistence of parties on face-to-face communication, due to the lack of trust in the mediator, lack of access to the required communication technologies or inability to use them, as well as the lack of confidence in the confidentiality preservation of the other party and the mediator, the parties will face serious challenges to use online mediation. According to existing international regulations. Because of the need to a specific law on mediation in Iranian law, the present article suggests the Iranian legislature to enact a comprehensive law on mediation, including the special requirements of online mediation, so that individuals can benefit from the advantages of this dispute resolution method.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conciliation
  • Confidentiality
  • Fairness
  • Online dispute resolution
  • Electronic communication

مراجع

  1.  

    1. Albornoz, M; GonzAlez, N, "Feasibility analysis of online dispute resolution in developing countries", University of miami inter-american law review, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2012.
    2. Beal, B L, "Online mediation: has its time come?", Ohio state journal on dispute resolution, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2000.
    3. Betancourt, J C, Zlatanska, E,"Online dispute resolution (odr): what is it, and is it the way forward?", International journal of arbitration, mediation and dispute management, Vol 13, 2013.
    4. Braeutigam, M, "Fusses that fit online: online mediation in non-commercial contexts", Appalachian journal of law, Vol. 5, No 2, 2006.
    5. Brennan, R, "Mismatch.com: Online dispute resolution and divorce", Cardozo journal of conflict resolution, No 13, 2012.
    6. Brooks, S. L, "Online dispute resolution and divorce: a commentary", resol. mag, No 21, 2015.
    7. Cole, S. Blankley, K. M, "Online mediation: where we have been, where we are now, and where we should be", University of toledo law review, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2006.
    8. Condlin, R. J, "Online dispute resolution: stinky, repugnant, or drab", Cardozo journal of conflict resolution, 18, No. 3, 2017.
    9. Eisen, J. B, "Are we ready for mediation in cyberspace?", Brigham young university law review, 1998, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1921767, Last Access at: 2021/07/10.
    10. Elsan, M. Electronic trade law, Sixth edition, Tehran, Samt, 2019. (In Persian)
    11. Fischer, A. H; Bos, A. E.R, "The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: a review", Computers In human behavior, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2008.
    12. Ganeles, C. M, "Cybermediation: a new twist on an old concept", Albany law journal of science & technology, Vol. 12, 2002.
    13. Gibbons, L. J; Kennedy, R. M; Gibbs, J. M, "Cyber-Mediation: computer-mediated communications medium massaging the message, New mexico law review, Vol. 32,No 1, 2002.
    14. Goodman, J. W, "The pros and cons of online dispute resolution: an assessment of cyber-mediation websites", Duke law & technology review, Vol. 2, 2002.
    15. Gramatikov, M; Klaming, L, "Getting divorced online: procedural and outcome justice in online divorce mediation", Journal of law family studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012.
    16. Hoffman, D, "Mediation, multiple minds, and the negotiation within", negotiation law review, Vol. 16, 2011.
    17. Hornle, Julia, Cross-border internet dispute resolution, cambridge, Cambridge university press, 2009.
    18. Javadpour, N. , Oloumi Yazdi, H & Ebrahimi, S. "Med-Arb in international commercial contracts (with focus on iran’s legal system)", Private law research, Vol. 8, No. 29, 2019. (In Persian)
    19. Kaufmann- Kohler, G, “Online dispute resolution and its significance for international commercial arbitration”, Global reflections on international law, commerce and dispute resolution, ICC publishing, publication, Vol. 693, 2005.
    20. Kaufmann-Kohler, Gabrielle; Schultz, Thomas, Online dispute resolution - challenges for contemporary justice, Netherlands, ‎ Kluwer Law International, 2004.
    21. Krause, W, "Do you want to step outside? an overview of online alternative dispute resolution", John marshall journal of computer and information law, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2001.
    22. Kuhl, A, "Family law online: the impact of the internet", Journal of the american academy of matrimonial lawyers, Vol. 21, No 1, 2008.
    23. Lavi, D, "Till death do us part: online mediation as an answer to divorce cases involving violence", North carolina journal of law and technology, Vol. 16, No 2, 2015.
    24. Lo, C, "Desirability of a new international legal framework for cross-border enforcement of certain mediated settlement agreements", Contemporary asia arbitration journal, Vol. 7, No 1, 2014.
    25. Lodder, A. R. Zelznikow, J. "Developing an online dispute resolution environment: dialogue tools and negotiation support systems in a three-step model", Harvard negotiation law review, Vol. 10, 2005.
    26. Lombardi, E, "Is Online Mediation The way to fit the forum to the fuss", Maastricht journal of european and comparative law, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2012.
    27. Maboudi, R. & Rezaee, S. A. "Comparative study of arbitral awards and settlement agreements refusal grounds of relief in iranian law and international provisions", Comparative law biquarterly, Vol 5, No 1, 2020. (In Persian)
    28. Maboudi, R. & Rezaee, S. A. "The approach of singapore convention 2019 and iranian legal system toward challenges of international commercial mediation", Comparative law researches, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2020. (In Persian)
    29. Morris-Sharma, N, “Constructing the convention on mediation the chairperson’s perspective”, Singapore academy of law journal, Vol. 31, 2019.
    30. Nikbakht, J. & Adib, A. "Conciliation and mediation as alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for civil and commercial disputes and the viability of their application in the petroleum industry", Legal research journal, Vol. 20, No. 78, 2017. (In Persian)
    31. Ponte, L, "Boosting consumer confidence in e business: recommendations for establishing fair and effective dispute resolution programs for b2c online transactions", Albany law journal of science technology, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2002.
    32. Ponte, Lucille;Cavenagh, Thomas, Cyberjustice, Online dispute resolution for e-commerce, ‎ New Jersey, Pearson/Prentice Hall,
    33. Qtaishat, A; Alshawabkeh, H; Saleh, H, "European union directive on mediation: assessing the developments and challenges", European journal of scientific research, Vol. 148, No 3, 2018.
    34. Raines, S, "Can online mediation be transformative: tales from the front", Conflict resolution quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2005.
    35. Ramasastry, A, "Government-to-Citizen online dispute resolution: a preliminary inquiry", Washington law review, Vol. 79, No. 1, 2004.
    36. Rossi, S; Holtzworth-Munroe, A, "Shuttle and online mediation: a review of available research and implications for separating couples reporting intimate partner violence or abuse", Family court review, Vol. 55, No 3, 2017.
    37. Schnabel, T, "The singapore convention on mediation: framework for the cross-border recognition and enforcement of mediated settlements", Pepperdine dispute resolution law journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2019.
    38. Shah, A, "Using adr to resolve online disputes", Richmond journal of law and technology, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2004.
    39. Shahbazinia, M. & Maleknia, P. "Confidentiality in mediation and its legal safeguards from international perspective", Quarterly journal of private law research, Vol. 6, No. 16, 2016. (In Persian)
    40. Shannon, M; Note, M," Keep it online: the hague convention and the need for online alternative dispute resolution in international business-to-consumer e-commerce", Boston university international law journal, Vol 20, No. 1, 2002.
    41. Shiravi, A. "Review of the uncitral model law on international commercial conciliation", Journal of private law, Y. 4, No. 10, 2006. (In Persian)
    42. Tavakoli, Z. & Tabaie, M. "Legal validity of internet arbitration in international trade", Azad comparative law research quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 28, 2015. (In Persian)
    43. Teitz, L. E. "Providing legal services for the middle class in cyberspace: the promise and the challenge of on-line dispute resolution", Fordham law review, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2001.
    44. Terekhov, V, "Online mediation: a game changer or much abo about nothing", Access to justice in eastern europe, No. 3, 2019.
    45. Turner, R. I, "Alternative dispute resolution in cyberspace: there is more on the line than just getting online", ILSA journal of international comparative law, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2000.
    46. Zavaletta, J. A, "Using e-dispute technology to facilitate the resolution of e-contract disputes: a modest proposal", Journal of technology law and policy, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2002.
    47. Zhao, Y, "Rethinking the limitations of online mediation", American journal of mediation, Vol. 11, 2018.

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 30 خرداد 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 27 مهر 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 16 آذر 1401

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار