تحلیل حقوقِ ناشی از حساب‌های شبکه‌های اجتماعی در روابط کارکنان و کارفرمایان با تاکید بر حقوق آمریکا

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 کارشناس ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

امروزه شبکه‌های اجتماعی در توسعه مشاغل مختلف نقش مهمی ایفا می‌کنند؛ به همین منظور،کارفرمایان برای پیشرفت خود، کارمندانِ آشنا با این حوزه را استخدام می‌کنند تا با افتتاح حساب در این شبکه‌ها، محصولات‌شان در فضای مجازی تبلیغ شود. پس از قطع رابطه استخدامی، با توجه به ارزش مالی حساب‌ها، در خصوص مسائل گوناگونی اختلاف ایجاد می‌شود که از جمله این موارد، مربوط به حق انتفاع از حساب می‌باشد. سوال آن است که منتفع حساب چه کسی است؟ قوانین کشورهای مختلف-از جمله ایران و آمریکا در این زمینه ساکت هستند و این امر به پیچیدگی موضوع افزوده است. در هر حال، برای حل این چالش، رویکردهای مختلفی از سوی اندیشمندان ارائه شده است که عبارت هستند از: رویکرد مبتنی بر راز تجاری، حقوق قراردادها، حقوق مالکیت فکری و نهایتاً رویکرد مبتنی بر حق جلوت. البته، این رویکردها، جملگی در بستر حقوق ایالات متحده آمریکا پرورش یافته‌اند؛ در واقع، در طول سالیان اخیر پرونده‌هایی در دادگاه‌های این کشور مطرح شده که مبحث اصلی آن انتفاع از حساب کاربری بوده است. در ادبیات حقوقی ایران، درباره این موضوع کمتر گفتگو شده است. در مقاله پیش‌رو، تلاش می‌شود با توجه به ادبیات حقوقی غرب، با شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی موضوع انتفاع از حساب‌های کاربری موجود در شبکه‌های اجتماعی مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گیرد. در این مسیر، دو نظریه «اراده» و سپس، «کار» به عنوان ابزارهایی برای تشخیص دارنده حق انتفاع از حساب کاربری در نظام حقوقی ایران مطرح خواهند شد؛ براساس این نظریات، برای احراز منتفع اصلی حساب، قاضی می‌بایست اراده صریح یا ضمنی کارکنان و کارفرمایان را بررسی نماید. در مرحله بعد، قاضی می‌تواند به عرف استناد نماید و در آخر، می‌توان با استفاده از نظریه کار مالک را معین کرد؛ یعنی، شخصی که موجب رونق ارزش مالی حساب شده است.همچنین، در صورتی که هیچ‌کدام از شیوه‌ها کمکی نکرد، راه آخر، حکم به مالکیت مشترک طرفین اختلاف می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of Rights Arising from accounts of Social networks in employee and employer relations (with Emphasizing on The U.S.A law)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abbas Mirshekari 1
  • Shobeir Azadbakht 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Master of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Today, social networks play an important role in the development of various occupations. To this end, employers hire employees who are familiar with the field to promote their products in cyberspace by opening an account in these networks. Basically, after the termination of the employment relationship, according to the financial value of the accounts, there is a dispute over various issues, including the issue of the owner of the account. The main question is who is the owner of the account? The laws of different countries, such as Iran and the United States, are neutral on this issue which has added to the complexity of the issue. However, to solve this challenge, various approaches have been proposed by thinkers, which are: Trade secret approach, contract law, intellectual property rights and finally the right of publicity. These approaches have all been developed in the context of American law. In recent years, most cases conflict with the ownership of the account when they refer to the courts. In Iranian legal literature, this issue has been less discussed. According to the Western legal literature, In the present article an attempt is made to examine the issue of ownership of accounts in social networks in a descriptive-analytical manner. In this way, two theories of “will” and then “labor” will be introduced as tools to identify the account holder in the Iranian legal system. In order to determine the main owner of the account, the judge should examine the explicit or implicit will of the employees and employers based on these theories. In the next step, the judge can refer to the custom; and finally, it is possible to determine the owner based on the labor theory; That is, a person who has caused the prosperity of the financial value of the account. Also, if none of the methods help, the last way is to rule on the joint ownership of the disputing parties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Trade Secret
  • Right of Publicity
  • Copy-right
  • Digital Asset
  • contract law

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