مطالعه تطبیقی قلمروی قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران؛ از سند نوشته تا نانوشته

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

2 استاد گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

4 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

هر چند به نظر می‌رسد سند مکتوب قانون اساسی در کشورهای مبتنی بر قانون اساسی نوشته، نظم اساسی موجود را تنظیم و کنترل می‌کند امّا واقعیت این است که «سیاست در جریان» و داد و ستدهای سیاسی موجود نه تنها به طور کامل تحت کنترل سند نوشته قانون اساسی قرار ندارند بلکه حتّی در مواردی سیاست بر حقوق چیره شده و نحوه و مسیر اجرای هنجارهای حقوقی را نیز تعیین می‌نماید. در نتیجه، تمرکز بر شکل و قالب قانون اساسی نباید ما را از بررسی محتوا و واقعیت‌های سیاسی در جریان جامعه بازدارد. نوشتار حاضر ضمن بررسی و تطبیق سند نوشته با برخی از مهم‌ترین عناصر نانوشته در نظام حقوق اساسی ایران و با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و همچنین مطالعه‌ی نظرات شورای نگهبان و سایر منابع در دسترس، در پی پاسخ به این سؤال که، آیا نظم حقوق اساسی ایران به طور کامل بر طبق قانون اساسی نوشته عمل می‌کند؟ در راستای کشف بیشتر ماهیت حقوقی یا سیاسیِ نظم اساسی در ایران می‌کوشد. آورده‌ی تحقیق حاکی از این است که در نظم حقوق اساسی ما مؤلفه‌های نانوشته و تفسیرپذیر موجب پیوند متن نوشته قانون اساسی با برخی از حوزه‌های نانوشته‌‌ می‌شود. به اعتباری، مشروطه ما نه کاملا حقوقی و نه کاملا سیاسی است و از هر دو وجه نوشته و نانوشته برخوردار است و نظرات شورای نگهبان دریچه‌ای برای شناخت آن‌هاست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative Study of the Scope of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Constitution: From Written to Unwritten Document

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ayat Mulaee 1
  • Mohammadreza Mojtehedi 2
  • Seyed Hossein Malakooti Hashjin 3
  • Maedeh Soleymani Dinani 4
1 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
4 PhD Student of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Although it seems that the written document of the constitution regulates and controls the existing constitutional order in the written constitution countries, the reality is that "politics in progress" and existing political transactions are not only not fully under the control of the written document of the constitution, but even in some cases, politics has prevailed over rights and determines the way and direction of the implementation of legal norms. As a result, focusing on the form and format of the Constitution should not prevent the examination of the content and political realities in society. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method and by studying the opinions of the Guardian Council and other available sources, seeks to answer the question that, does Iran's constitutional law function fully according to the written constitution? This study also tries to discover more about the legal or political nature of the basic order in Iran. The result of the research indicates that in Iran’s system of constitutional rights, unwritten and interpretable components link the written text of the constitution with some unwritten areas. On credit, Iran’s constitution is neither completely legal nor completely political, and has both written and unwritten aspects, and the opinions of the Guardian Council are a window to understand them.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Written Constitution
  • Unwritten Constitution
  • Guardian Council
  • Basic Judge
  • Interpretation of the Constitution
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