نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رشد و تکامل و یادگیری حرکتی، دانشگاه آزاد علوم و تحقیقات تهران

2 استادیار رفتار حرکتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی

3 استاد رفتار حرکتی، دانشگاه امام حسین

چکیده

مدت زمان سپری‌شده پس از یادگیری یک تکلیف توالی حرکتی حافظه پنهان، از تحکیم آن حمایت می‌کند؛ اما هنوز مشخص نیست که آیا این گذر زمان و فعالیت انجام‌شده در این دورة زمانی موجب تثبیت یا افزایش در عملکرد توالی حرکتی می‌شود یا خیر؛ بنابراین، هدف مطالعة حاضر، ارزیابی دورة زمانی با مداخلات خاص بر تحکیم حافظة پنهان در انسان بود. بدین‌منظور، 45 نفر از افراد داوطلب تکلیف تطبیق رنگ زنجیره‌‌ای را در سه بلوک 150 کوششی اجرا کردند و سپس، به‌صورت تصادفی در سه گروه قرار گرفتند. گروه اول پس از گذشت یک ساعت و گروه دوم پس از گذشت شش ساعت در تکلیف متقابلة شست شرکت کردند. گروه سوم هیچ تکلیف مداخله‌ای دریافت نکردند. سپس، هر سه گروه پس از گذر 24 ساعت از تکلیف هدف، در آزمون یادداری شرکت کردند. نتایج آزمون یادداری گروه‌های موردبررسی اختلاف معناداری را بین اکتساب و یادداری تکلیف تطبیق رنگ زنجیره‌ای نشان نداد. یافتة پژوهش حاضر می‌تواند بیانگر این نکته باشد که حافظة حرکتی پنهان بلافاصله پس از یادگیری تثبیت می‌شود و انجام تکلیف تداخلی متقابلة شست و گذر زمان اثری افزایشی یا کاهشی بر حافظة حرکتی پنهان ندارد. درواقع، تحکیم این حافظه مبتنی‌بر ثبات است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Consolidation Based on Stabilization in Implicit Motor Memory

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elahe Hashemi Ahooei 1
  • Farhad Ghadiri 2
  • Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Moosavi 3

1 Ph.D. Student of Motor Behavior, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran

2 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Kharazmi University

3 Professsor of Motor Behavior, Imam Hosein University

چکیده [English]

Time supports the consolidation of motor sequence memories, yet it remains unclear whether time duration and doing specific task in this time, stabilizes or actually enhances motor sequence performance. The aim of this study was to investigate time duration with specific interference on consolidation human motor memory. Forty-five healthy volunteer participate performed Serial Color matching task for three blocks of 150 trials. They randomly divided into three group, 1) after one hour 2) after six hour performed finger-to-thumb opposition task 3) without any interference. All group after 24 hour participated in retention test. The result show no significant differences between acquisition and retention stages. These findings indicate rapid stabilization of implicit motor memory and interference sequential finger-to-thumb opposition task and time had no enhancement or reducer effect on implicit motor memory, but rather stabilizes motor sequence performance without producing additional gains.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Implicit Motor Learning
  • Memory Stabilization
  • Alternative Serial Reaction Time
  1. Walker MP. A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation. Behav Brain Sci. 2005;28(1):51-64.
  2. Walker MP, Brakefield T, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature. 2003;425(6958):616-20.
  3. Diekelmann S, Born J. One memory, two ways to consolidate? Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(9):1085-6.
  4. Alberini CM, Chen DY. Memory enhancement: Consolidation, reconsolidation and insulin-like growth factor 2. Trends Neurosc. 2012;35(5):274-83.
  5. Allen S. Designs for learning: Studying science museum exhibits that do more than entertain. Sci Edu. 2004;88(S1):17-33.
  6. Walker MP, Brakefield T, Seidman J, Morgan A, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Sleep and the time course of motor skill learning. Learn Memory. 2003;10(4):275-84.
  7. Walker MP, Stickgold R. Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron. 2004;44(1):121-33.
  8. Walker MP, Stickgold R, Jolesz FA, Yoo SS. The functional anatomy of sleep-dependent visual skill learning. Cereb Cortex. 200;15(11):1666-75.
  9. Song S, Howard JH, Howard DV. Implicit probabilistic sequence learning is independent of explicit awareness. Learn Memory. 2007;14(3):167-76.
  10. Nemeth D, Janacsek K, Londe Z, Ullman MT, Howard DV, Howard Jr JH. Sleep has no critical role in implicit motor sequence learning in young and old adults. Exp Brain Res. 2010;201(2):351-8.
  11.  Nemeth D, Csabi E, Janacsek K, Varszegi M, Mari Z. Intact implicit probabilistic sequence learning in obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep res. 2012;21(4):396-401.
  12.  Press DZ, Casement MD, Pascual-Leone A, Robertson EM. The time course of off-line motor sequence learning. Cog Brain Res. 2005;25(1):375-8.
  13.  Robertson EM, Press DZ, Pascual-Leone A. Off-line learning and the primary motor cortex. J Neurosci. 2005;25(27):6372-8.
  14.  Brown RM, Robertson EM. Off-line processing: Reciprocal interactions between declarative and procedural memories. J Neurosci. 2007;27(39):10468-75.
  15.  Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Shadmehr R. Consolidation patterns of human motor memory. J Neurosci. 2008;28(39):9610-8.
  16.  Kantak SS, Winstein CJ. Learning–performance distinction and memory processes for motor skills: A focused review and perspective. Behav brain res. 2012;228(1):219-31.
  17.  Simmons AL. Distributed practice and procedural memory consolidation in musicians’ skill learning. J Res Music Edu. 2011:59(4):357-368.
  18.  Duke RA, Davis CM. Procedural memory consolidation in the performance of brief keyboard sequences. J Res Music Edu. 2006;54(2):111-24.
  19.  Atkinson R, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Fredrickson BL, Loftus GR, Lutz C. Atkinson & Hilgard's introduction to psychology. London: Wadsworth Pub Co; 2009.
  20.  Brashers-Krug T, Shadmehr R, Bizzi E. Consolidation in human motor memory. Nature. 1996;382(6588):252-5.
  21.  Krakauer JW, Shadmehr R. Consolidation of motor memory. Trends Neurosc. 2006;29(1):58-64.
  22.  Alvarez P, Squire LR. Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: A simple network model. P Nat Acad Sci. 1994;91(15):7041-5.
  23.  Cohen DA, Robertson EM. Preventing interference between different memory tasks. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(8):953-5.
  24.  Muellbacher W, Ziemann U, Wissel J, Dang N, Kofler M, Facchini S, et al. Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex. Nature. 2002;415(6872):640-4.
  25. Ashe J, Lungu OV, Basford AT, Lu X. Cortical control of motor sequences. Curr opin neurobiol. 2006;16(2):213-21.
  26.  Korman M, Raz N, Flash T, Karni A. Multiple shifts in the representation of a motor sequence during the acquisition of skilled performance. P Nat Acad Sci 2003;100(21):12492-7.
  27.  Gheysen F, Gevers W, De Schutter E, Van Waelvelde H, Fias W. Disentangling perceptual from motor implicit sequence learning with a serial color-matching task. Exp Brain Res. 2009;197(2):163-74.
  28. Mayr U (1996) Spatial attention and implicit sequence learning: evidence for independent learning of spatial and nonspatial sequences. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 22:350–364
  29. Ashtamker L, Karni A. Motor memory in childhood: early expression of consolidation phase gains. Neurobiol Lear Memo. 2013;106:26-30.
  30.  Shadmehr R, Brashers-Krug T. Functional stages in the formation of human long-term motor memory. Jour Neurosci. 1997;17(1):409-19.
  31.  Shadmehr R, Holcomb HH. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation. Science. 1997;277(5327):821-5.
  32. Robertson EM. From creation to consolidation: A novel framework for memory processing. PLoS Biol. 2009;7(1):e1000019.
  33.  Nemeth D, Janacsek K. The dynamics of implicit skill consolidation in young and elderly adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psycholo Sci Socia Sci. 2010:66(1):15-22.
  34.  Nettersheim A, Hallschmid M, Born J, Diekelmann S. The role of sleep in motor sequence consolidation: stabilization rather than enhancement. Jour Neurosci. 2015;35(17):6696-702.
  35. Shams A. Effect of off-line time different periods on stabilization and enhancement-based consolidation process in explicit memory. Mot Behav. 2015;7(21):121-44(In Persian).
  36. Robertson EM, Pascual-Leone A, Press DZ. Awareness modifies the skill-learning benefits of sleep. Curr Biol. 2004;14(3):208-12.
  37. Fischer S, Hallschmid M, Elsner AL, Born J. Sleep forms memory for finger skills. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2002;99(18):11987-91.
  38. Fischer S, Nitschke MF, Melchert UH, Erdmann C, Born J. Motor memory consolidation in sleep shapes more effective neuronal representations. Jour Neurosci. 2005;25(49):11248-55.
  39.  Muzur A, Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. The prefrontal cortex in sleep. Trends in Cogn Sci. 2002;6(11):475-81.
  40. Pierobon A, Giardini A, Fanfulla F, Callegari S, Majani G. A multidimensional assessment of obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS): A study of psychological, neuropsychological and clinical relationships in a disabling multifaceted disease. Sleep Med. 2008;9(8):882-9.
  41.  Beldarrain MG, Astorgano AG, Gonzalez AB, Garcia-Monco JC. Sleep improves sequential motor learning and performance in patients with prefrontal lobe lesions. Clin Neurol Neurosur. 2008;110(3):245-52.