بازاندیشی در نسبت طراحی شهری و برنامه‌ریزی: بازگشت به ریشه ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

تفاوت­گذاری و تمایز فزاینده­یِ مابین برنامه­ریزی و طراحی شهری چگونه شکل گرفته و سپس بسط یافته است؟ مقاله با تمرکز بر این پرسش، به مناسبت و تا جایی که منطق بحث اقتضا می­کند، مقدمات این تمایز را از منظر نئولیبرالیسم، رقابت­پذیریِ جهانی و الگوواره­یِ نوشهرگرایی به مثابه­یِ چارچوب­های نوینِ تفکر و آگاهی­ در عرصه­یِ مطالعات شهری توضیح خواهد داد. رویارویی برنامه­ریزی و طراحی شهری از این منظرْ نیازمندِ توضیحی است که در این­ پژوهش از مجرای اشاره و مناقشه­ای در ماهیّتِ طراحی شهری و کشمکش بنیادین­ مابینِ «علم» و «طراحی» تشریح خواهد شد. مقاله به لحاظ روش­شناسی دارای ماهیت تبیینی­ ـ اکتشافی است و کشف روابط علّیِ موضوعِ پژوهش یعنی بررسی چرایی شکل­گیریِ تمایل فزاینده به تفاوت­گذاری مابین طراحی شهری و برنامه­ریزی برای سنجش­گری آن، چارچوب اساسی مقاله را تشکیل می­دهد. دریافت و توضیح روند «استقلال طراحی شهری» و مطرح شدن انگاشت­هایی هم­چون حکمروایی به جای تجویز برنامه­ریزانه و تالی­های آن، زمینه را برای این ادعا فراهم می­کند که طراحی شهری می­بایستی به ریشه­ها و خاست­گاه خود به مثابه­یِ زیرمجموعه­یِ کاربست برنامه­ریزی بازگردد. در شرایطی که می­بایست نظام آموزشی شالوده­ای نو در عرصه­یِ مطالعات شهری بر مبنای ارزش­های برنامه­ریزی هم­چون عدالت اجتماعی و منافع همگانی برای درک ماهیت مشکلات شهری در دوران جدید فراهم می­کرد، ایده­ئولوژی­های جزم­اندیشی هم­چون نوشهرگرایی به­واسطه­یِ چرخش به سمتِ طراحی شهری، جانشین ارزش­های برنامه­ریزی شده و راه برای تبیین دقیق مشکلات یاد شده دشوار و در برخی موارد مسدود کرده است. فراخوان بازگشت به برنامه­ریزی و احیای جایگاهِ واقعیِ طراحی شهری، راه­کار ارائه شده در این مقاله است؛ به­طوری­که همراه مضامینی هم­چون سرزندگی و حس مکان، مفاهیم عمیق­تر در حوزه­­یِ عدالت محیطی، اجتماعی، انصاف اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی و قومی در ارتباط با تفاوت­ها، تنوع­ها و پایداریِ بوم­شناختی نیز مورد توجه طراحی شهری قرار ­گیرد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Rethinking About the Relationship between Urban Design and Planning: A Return to the Roots

نویسنده [English]

  • Behzad MalekpourAsl
Assistant professor, School of Architecture and Town Planning, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Today the field of urban design has emerged as an important area of intellectual pursuit, involving theory, research, and pedagogy, all intended to inform and improve the practice. Also, there has been a progressive differentiation and distinction between the urban planning and urban design. How was the increasing differentiation between the urban planning and design formed and then expanded? Focusing on this question, and to the extent that the logic of the debate warrants, this paper tried to explain this distinction from the standpoint of neoliberalism, global competitiveness, and neo-urbanism model as the new frameworks of thinking and awareness in the urban studies. The confrontation of the urban planning and design from this perspective requires an explanation. In this research, it would be explained through a debate on the nature of the urban design and the fundamental struggle between "the science" and "the design". It was an exploratory study and exploring the reason behind the increasing tendency to differentiate between urban design and planning for its evaluation constituted the basic framework of the research. Understanding the process of "urban design’s independence" and proposing concepts such as the governance instead of programmatic prescription and its talleys provide the basis for the claim that the urban design must return to its origin as a subset of the planning implementation. Whereas the educational system have to provide new foundations for the urban studies, based on the planning values such as the social justice and the public interest in order to understand the nature of the urban problems in the new era, dogmatic approaches such as neo-urbanism through the shift to the urban design have replaced the planned values ​​and in some cases, it blocked the way to accurately explain these problems. Calling for a return to planning and revitalizing the true status of the urban design was the solution presented in this paper, so that it could be considered in the urban design along with themes such as vitality and the sense of place, deeper concepts in the domain of environmental justice, social justice, the socio-economic and ethnic equity, considering the differences, diversity, and ecological sustainability.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban Design
  • Planning Values
  • Neoliberalism
  • New Urbanism

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 14 اسفند 1397
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 03 مرداد 1398
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 13 مرداد 1398

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