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Prehistoric Genetic and Culture Change: A Bioarchaeological Search for Pre-Inka Altiplano Colonies in the Coastal Valleys of Moquegua, Peru, and Azapa, Chile

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Richard C. Sutter
Richard C. Sutter*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499, and Departamento de Arqueología y Museología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
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Abstract

This investigation uses a bioarchaeological approach to test the existence of pre-Inka colonists within the Andean coastal valleys of Moquegua, Peru, and Azapa, Chile, as predicted by Murra's (1972) classic model of verticality. The archaeological evidence and biodistance results obtained using genetically controlled dental traits from 859 skeletal and mummified remains indicate that the Late Intermediate period (A.D. 1100-1476) coastal Chiribaya people of the Moquegua Valley, Peru, likely represent descendants of altiplano populations that migrated to the coastal region following the disintegration of the Middle Horizon (A.D. 750-1100) Tiwanaku colony located in the middle Moquegua Valley. In the neighboring Azapa Valley, Chile, genetic change among prehistoric populations was due to gradual in situ microevolution of local populations rather than colonization by altiplano people. Coastal populations of the Azapa Valley maintained biocultural continuity with the Archaic period Chinchorro coastal population. It is concluded that Murra's model of direct verticality should be evaluated using both biological and archaeological data on a case-by-case basis.

Resumen

Resumen

Esta investigación emplea una metodología bioarqueológica para comprobar la existencia de colonias pre-Incaicas en los valles costeros de los Andes sur centrales según el clásico modelo de verticalidad presentado por Murra (1972). Por más de 25 años, el modelo de verticalidad de Murra ha sido la principal teoría usada por arqueólogos para explicar las similitudes en los artefactos de contexto arqueológico pre-Incaico del altiplano y los valles costeros de los Andes sur centrales. Dado que algunos de los documentos históricos usados por Murra describen eventos en los valles costeros de los Andes sur centrales, el modelo de verticalidad ha sido usado para explicar los aparentes asentamientos multiétnicos pre-Incaicos en esta región. Esta investigación en su primera parte desarrolla los supuestos genéticos y económicos hechos por cada uno de estos modelos, y luego pone a prueba a cada uno de estos modelos usando una metodología bioarqueológica. Una inspección de la información arqueológica y el análisis de rasgos fenotípicos dentales para 859 restos óseos y restos momificados indica que el Chiribaya costero en el periodo Tardío Intermedio (1100-1476 d.C.) del valle de Moquegua, Perú, probablemente representa poblaciones descendientes del altiplano que migraron hacia la región costera siguiendo la desintegración de la colonia del Horizonte Medio Tiwanaku (750-1100 d.C.) ubicada en el valle medio de Moquegua. Estos resultados se ajustan a las predicciones hechas por el modelo de migración en gran escala. Los cambios morfológicos observados en la dentadura de poblaciones del valle de Azapa se deben a una microevolución gradual in situ de poblaciones locales y no a la migración de poblaciones altiplánicas. El modelo de verticalidad indirecta es la mejor explicación para entender las relaciones entre poblaciones del valle de Azapa y los Tiwanaku. Sin embargo, las poblaciones costeras del valle Azapa mantenían continuidad biocultural con grupos costeros más tempranos, como los Chinchorros. El modelo de complementaridad horizontal (Rostworowski 1977) es la mejor explicación para las similitudes culturales y económicas entre los grupos costeros del período Intermedio Tardío de los valles Moquegua y Azapa que eran biológicamente distintos.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , March 2000 , pp. 43 - 70
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2000

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