Skip to content
BY-NC-ND 3.0 license Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access January 29, 2015

Aspects of rendering the sacred Tetragrammaton in Greek

  • Pavlos D. Vasileiadis
From the journal Open Theology

Abstract

This article recounts the persistent use of the sacred Tetragrammaton through the centuries as an „effable,“ utterable name at least in some circles, despite the religious inhibitions against its pronunciation. A more systematic investigation of the various Greek renderings of the biblical name of God is provided. These renderings are found in amulets, inscriptions, literary works, etc., dating from the last few centuries B.C.E. until today. It will be illustrated that some forms of the Tetragrammaton were actually accepted and used more widely within the Greek religious and secular literature since the Renaissance and especially since the Modern Greek Enlightenment. Furthermore, it is asserted that for various reasons there is no unique or universally “correct” rendering of the Hebrew term in Greek. Of special note are two Greek transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton, one as it was audible and written down by a Greek-speaking author of a contra Judaeos work in the early 13th century in South Italy and another one written down at Constantinople in the early 17th century—both of them presented for the first time in the pertinent bibliography.



References

Abegg, Martin, Jr., Flint, Peter, and Ulrich, Eugene. The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The oldest known Bible translated for the first time into English. New York: HarperCollins, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Adolf Deissmann, Gustav. “Greek Transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton.” In Bible Studies, transl. by Alexander Grieve, 321–336. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 21903 (German original: “Griechische Transkriptionen des Tetragrammaton.” In Bibelstudien Beiträge zumeist aus den Papyri und Inschriften, 1–20. Marburg: N.G. Elwert, 1895).Search in Google Scholar

Albright, William Foxwell. Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: An Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths. University of London/The Athlone Press, 1968.Search in Google Scholar

Alfrink, Bernard. “La Prononciation ‘Jehova’ du Tétragramme.” Oudtestamentische Studiën. 5 (1948), 43–62.Search in Google Scholar

Andrade, Nathanael. “The Jewish Tetragrammaton: Secrecy, Community, and Prestige among Greek-Writing Jews of the Early Roman Empire.” Journal for the Study of Judaism, 45 (2014), 1–26.Search in Google Scholar

Andrist, Patrick. “The physiognomy of Greek Contra Iudaeos manuscript books in the Byzantine era: A preliminary survey.” In Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures. Edited by Robert Bonfil [et al.], 549–585. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Aslanov, Cyril. “La place du Venetus graecus dans l’histoire des traductions grecques de la Bible.” Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes, Troisième série, 73:2 (1999), 155–174.Search in Google Scholar

Aslanov, Cyril. “The Judeo-Greek and Ladino columns in the Constantinople edition of the Pentateuch (1547): A linguistic commentary on Gn 1:1-5.” In Revue des études juives, 158:3-4 (1999), 385–397.Search in Google Scholar

Beekes, Robert. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995.10.1075/z.72Search in Google Scholar

Ben-Dov, Jonathan. “The Elohistic Psalter and the Writing of Divine Names at Qumran.” In The Dead Sea Scrolls and Contemporary Culture. Proceedings of the Israel Museum Conference (STDJ 93). Edited by A. Roitman, L. Schiffman & S. Tzoref, 79–104. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Ben Zeev, Miriam Pucci. “Jews among Greeks and Romans.” In Early Judaism: A comprehensive overview. Edited by J. Collins & D. Harlow, 367–390. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Berkhof, Louis. Systematic Theology. Fourth edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1941.Search in Google Scholar

Bohak, Gideon. “The Impact of Jewish Monotheism on the Greco-Roman World.” Jewish Studies Quarterly, 7 (2000), 1–21.Search in Google Scholar

Braude, Benjamin. “A Greek polemic of the Renaissance against the Jews.” Association for Jewish Studies Newsletter, 16 (February 1976), 12–13.Search in Google Scholar

Busto Saiz, José Ramón. La traducción de Símaco en el Libro de los Salmos. Madrid: C.S.I.C., Instituto “Arias Montano,” 1978.Search in Google Scholar

Capes, David. Old Testament Yahweh Texts in Paul’s Christology. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1992.Search in Google Scholar

Capes, David. “YHWH texts and monotheism in Paul’s Chistology.” In Early Christian and Jewish Monotheism. Edited by Loren T. Stuckenbruck and Wendy E. Sproston North. London, New York: T & T Clark International, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Chronz, Michael. Νεκταρίου, Ηγουμένου Μονής Κασούλων (Νικολάου Υδρουντινού) Διάλεξις κατά Ιουδαίων [Abbot Nektarios of Casole (Nikolaos of Otranto): „Disputation against the Jews“], Ph.D. thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 2008. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Cunningham, David. “On Translating the Divine Name.” Theological Studies, 56:3 (September 1995), 415–440.10.1177/004056399505600301Search in Google Scholar

Daams, Nico. “Translating YHWH ‘Elohim.” The Bible Translator: Practical Papers, 62:4 (October 2011), 226–235.10.1177/026009351106200403Search in Google Scholar

Daniélou, Jean. Gospel Message and Hellenistic Culture, Volume 2: A History of Early Christian Doctrine before the Council of Nicaea, 2nd. imp. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1980.Search in Google Scholar

Davidson, Benjamin. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon. S. Bagster and Sons, 1848/Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1990 (repr.).Search in Google Scholar

De Troyer, Kristin. “The Pronunciation of the Names of God, With Some Notes Regarding Nomina Sacra.” In Gott nennen: Gottes Namen und Gottals Name (Religion in Philosophy and Theology, Volume 35). Edited by Ingolf U. Dalferth and Philipp Stoellger, 143–172. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

De Visscher, Eva. Reading the Rabbis (Commentaria: Sacred Texts and Their Commentaries: Jewish, Christian and Islamic). Leiden: Brill, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Debrunner, Albert. “Zur Uebersetzungstechnik der Septuaginta: Das Gebrauch des Artikels bei κύριος.” In Vom Alten Testament (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, Volume 41). Edited by Karl Budde, 69–78. Giessen: Topelmann, 1925.Search in Google Scholar

Eidsvåg, Gunnar Magnus. “The Paleo-Hebrew Tetragram in 8ḤevXIIgr.” Journal of Septuagint and Cognate Studies, 46 (2013), 86–100.Search in Google Scholar

Falkenhausen, Vera von. “The Jews in Byzantine southern Italy.” In Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures. Edited by Robert Bonfil [et al.], 271–296. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Fauth, Wolfgang. Jao-Jahwe und seine Engel: Jahwe-Appellationen und zugehörige Engelnamen in griechischen und koptischen Zaubertexten. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2014.10.1628/978-3-16-152708-1Search in Google Scholar

Fernández Marcos, Natalio. The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek Versions of the Bible. Leiden: Brill, 2000.10.1163/9789004498082Search in Google Scholar

Fincati, Mariachiara. “Τὸ ἰουδαϊκόν: Greek Bible and Hebraica Veritas among Byzantine Christians and Jews.” In Negotiating Co-Existence: Communities, Cultures and Convivenciain Byzantine Society, (Dublino, 01-03 Ottobre 2010), 89-102. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Fitzmyer, Joseph. A Wandering Armenian: Collected Aramaic Essays. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1979.Search in Google Scholar

Foutz, Scott David. “Exodus 3:14 and the Divine Name: Textual and Historical Considerations.” Quodlibet Journal, 4:4 (November 2002). http://www.quodlibet.net/foutz-name.shtml.Search in Google Scholar

Fowler, Jeaneane. Theophoric personal names in ancient Hebrew: A comparative study (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series, Volume 49). Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Friedländer, Michael. Essays on the writings of Abraham ibn Ezra. Volume 4. London: The Society of Hebrew Literature by Trübner, 1877.Search in Google Scholar

Furuli, Rolf. The Role of Theology and Bias in Bible Translation: With a Special Look at the New World Translation of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Second edition. Stavern, Norway: Awatu Publishers, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Gager, John. Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Search in Google Scholar

Gallagher, Edmon. “The religious provenance of the Aquila manuscripts from the Cairo Genizah.” Journal of Jewish Studies 64:2 (2013), 283–305.10.18647/3141/JJS-2013Search in Google Scholar

Gertoux, Gerard. The Name of God Y.eH.oW.aH which is pronounced as it is written I_Eh_oU_Ah: Its story. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Gieschen, Charles. “The Divine Name in Ante-Nicene Christology.” Vigiliae Christianae, 57:2 (2003), 115–158.10.1163/157007203321671050Search in Google Scholar

Grenz, Stanley. The Named God and the Question of Being: A Trinitarian Theo-Ontology. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Hatch, Edwin and Redpath, Henry. A Concordance to the Septuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (Including the Apocryphal Books). 3 volumes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897/Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1983 (repr.).Search in Google Scholar

Heith-Stade, David. “Eastern Orthodox Ecclesiologies in the Era of Confessionalism.” Theoforum, 41:3 (2010), 373–385.Search in Google Scholar

Howard, George. “The Tetragram and the New Testament.” Journal of Biblical Literature, 96:1 (1977), 63–83.10.2307/3265328Search in Google Scholar

Howard, George. “The Name of God in the New Testament.” Biblical Archaeology Review, 4:1 (March 1978), 12–14, 56.Search in Google Scholar

Howard, George. “Tetragrammaton in the New Testament.” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman, 392, 393. Volume 6. New York: Doubleday, 1992.10.5040/9780300261929-315Search in Google Scholar

Howard, George. Hebrew Gospel of Matthew. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1995 (revised edition of The Gospel of Matthew according to a Primitive Hebrew Text. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1987).Search in Google Scholar

Ilan, Tal. Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Part 1, Palestine 330 BCE-200 CE. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Janowitz, Naomi. “Theories of Divine Names in Origen and Pseudo-Dionysius.” History of Religions 30:4 (May, 1991), 359–372.10.1086/463246Search in Google Scholar

Jenkins, R. Geoffrey. “The first column of the Hexapla: The evidence of the Milan Codex (Rahlfs 1098) and the Cairo Genizah Fragment (Rahlfs 2005).” In Origen’s Hexapla and Fragments: Origen’s Hexapla and Fragments: Papers presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla, Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, 25th July–3rd August 1994. Edited by Alison Salveson, 88–102. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998.Search in Google Scholar

Joosten, Jan. “Le dieu Iaô et le tréfonds araméen des Septante.” In Eukarpa: Études Sur La Bible Et Ses Exégètes, En Hommage À Gilles Dorival (La Bible d’Alexandrie). Edited by Loubet, Mireille and D. Pralon, 111–120. Paris: Cerf, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Karmiris, John [Καρμίρης, Ιωάννης]. Τα δογματικά και συμβολικά μνημεία της Ορθοδόξου Καθολικής Εκκλησίας [The Dogmatic and Symbolic Monuments of the Orthodox Catholic Church]. Athens, 1952. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Kedar-Kopfstein, Benjamin. “The Interpretative Element in Transliteration.” Textus 8 (1973) 55–77.Search in Google Scholar

Knobloch, Fredrick. “Hebrew Sounds in Greek Script: Transcriptions and Related Phenomena in the Septuagint, with Special Focus on Genesis.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1995.Search in Google Scholar

Konstantinou, Miltiadis [Κωνσταντίνου, Μιλτιάδης]. Παλαιά Διαθήκη: Αποκρυπτογραφώντας την πανανθρώπινη κληρονομιά [Old Testament: Deciphering the panhuman heritage]. Thessaloniki: Αρμός/Armos, 2008. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Konstantinou, Miltiadis [Κωνσταντίνου, Μιλτιάδης]. Ρήμα Κυρίου κραταιόν: Αφηγηματικά κείμενα από την Παλαιά Διαθήκη [The word of the Lord is strong: Old Testament Narrative Texts]. Thessaloniki: P. Pournaras 2005/11990. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Krašovec, Jože. “Transmission of Semitic Forms of Biblical Proper Names in Greek and Latin Linguistic Traditions.” In Congress Volume Ljubljana 2007 (Supplements to Vetus Testamentum Volume 133). Edited by André Lemaire, 1–26. Leiden: Brill, 2010.10.1163/ej.9789004179776.i-640.6Search in Google Scholar

Krivoruchko, Julia. “The Constantinople Pentateuch within the Context of Septuagint Studies.” In XIII Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Ljubljana, 2007. Edited by Melvin K. H. Peters, 255–276. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

Külzer, Andreas. Disputationes graecae contra ludaeos: Untersuchungen zur byzantinischen antijüdischen Dioalogsliteratur und ihrem Judenbild. Stuttgart, Leipzig: Teubner/Walter de Gruyter, 1999.10.1515/9783110946291Search in Google Scholar

Louw, Theodorus Anthonie Willem van der. Transformations in the Septuagint: Towards an interaction of Septuagint studies and translation studies. PhD thesis, Leiden University, 2006. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/4282.Search in Google Scholar

Maillet, Paul. The Servant Songs of Deutero-Isaiah in the MT and the LXX: A Comparison of Their Portrayals of God. PhD thesis, Catholic University of America, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Maloney, George. A history of Orthodox theology since 1453, Belmont, MA: Nordland Pub. Co., 1976.Search in Google Scholar

Malvy, Antoine and Viller, Marcel. “La Confession Orthodoxe de Pierre Moghila,” Orientalia Christiana analecta, 10:39 (1927), i–cxxxi, 1–223.Search in Google Scholar

Marmorstein, Arthur. The Old Rabbinic Doctrine of God: I. The Names and Attributes of God. London: Oxford University Press, 1927.Search in Google Scholar

McDonough, Sean. YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Metzger, Bruce. Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography. Corrected edition. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Meyer, Anthony. “Reassessment of spacing features in early Greek MSS: What does material philology have to say about [κύριος], Ιαω, and יהוה?,” presented at the conference of the University of Copenhagen “Material Philology in the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Approaches for New Text Editions,” April 3–5, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Meyer, Marvin. The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. New York: HarperCollins, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Mîrşanu, Dragoş. “Old News Concerning Peter Mogila’s Orthodox Confession: The First Edition Revisited,” Archævs, 10:1–2 (2006), 273–286.Search in Google Scholar

Montgomery, James. “A Survival of the Tetragrammaton in Daniel.” Journal of Biblical Literature, 40:1/2 (1921), 86.10.2307/3259408Search in Google Scholar

Motyer, J. A. The Revelation of the Divine Name. London: Tyndale Press, 1959.Search in Google Scholar

Muraoka, Takamitsu. A Greek-Hebrew Aramaic Two-way Index to the Septuagint, Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Murtonen, Aimo Evard. Hebrew in Its West Semitic Setting: A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions. Parts 2 and 3. Leiden: Brill, 1990.Search in Google Scholar

Niehr, Herbert. The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2014.10.1163/9789004229433Search in Google Scholar

Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. “On the Hebrew script of the Greek–Hebrew palimpsests from the Cairo Genizah.” In The Jewish–Greek Tradition in Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire. Edited by James K. Aitken and James Carleton Paget, 279–299. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014.10.1017/CBO9780511736223.023Search in Google Scholar

Palmroot, Johan. Dissertatio philologica de nomine Dei proprio & sanctissimo Jehovah. Upsaliae: Keyser, 1700.Search in Google Scholar

Qimron, Elisha. The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Harvard Semitic studies, Volume 29). Atlanta, GE: Scholars Press, 1986.10.1163/9789004370050Search in Google Scholar

Quispel, Gilles. Gnostica, Judaica, Catholica: Collected Essays of Gilles Quispel. Leiden: Brill, 2008.10.1163/ej.9789004139459.i-870Search in Google Scholar

Reisel, Max. The Mysterious Name of Y.H.W.H. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1957.Search in Google Scholar

Reynolds, Leighton Durham and Wilson, Nigel Guy. Scribes and Scholars, A guide to the transmission of Greek & Latin literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Ringgren, Helmer. “Hypostasen.” In Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwar (RGG), 504. Volume 3. Third edition. Stuttgart: UTB, 1959.Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, Colin. Manuscript, society, and belief in early Christian Egypt (The Schweich Lectures 1977). London: Oxford University Press, for the British Academy, 1979.Search in Google Scholar

Rösel, Martin. “Die Übersetzbarkeit des Gottesnamens: Die Septuaginta und ihre Theologie.” In Gott heisst nicht nur Vater: zur Rede über Gott in den Übersetzungen der „Bibel in gerechter Sprache.“ Edited by Christine Gerber, Benita Joswig and Silke Petersen, 87-103. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

Rösel, Martin. “Names of God.” In the Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edited by Lawrence Schiffman and James VanderKam, 600–602. Oxford University Press, 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Runia, David. Exegesis and Philosophy Studies on Philo of Alexandria (Variorum Collected Studies). Aldershot, Great Britain: Variorum, 1990.Search in Google Scholar

Sæbø, Magne, Brekelmans, Chris and Haran, Menahem. Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The history of its interpretation, Volume 1, Part 1 Antiquity. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996.Search in Google Scholar

Sáenz-Badillos, Angel. A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004/11993.Search in Google Scholar

Sathas, Konstantinos [Σάθας, Κωνσταντίνος]. Νεοελληνική Φιλολογία: Βιογραφίαι των εν τοις γράμμασι διαλαμψάντων Ελλήνων, από της καταλύσεως της βυζαντινής αυτοκρατορίας μέχρι της ελληνικής εθνεγερσίας (1453-1821) [Modern Greek Philology: Biographies of illustrious literary Greeks, From the time of the overthrow of the Byzantine Empire to the Greek national uprising (1453-1821)]. Athens, 1868. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Schiffman, Lawrence. From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Schiffman, Lawrence. Sectarian law in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Courts, Testimony and the Penal Code. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

Shaw, Frank Edward. The Earliest Non-mystical Jewish Use of Iαω. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Shedinger, Robert. Tatian and the Jewish Scriptures: A Textual and Philological Analysis of the Old Testament Citations in Tatian’s Diatessaron (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Volume 591: Subsidia, Volume 109). Leuven: Peeters, 2001.Search in Google Scholar

Siamakis, Konstantinos [Σιαμάκης, Κωνσταντίνος]. Το Αλφάβητο [The Alphabet], Τhessaloniki, 1988. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Siamakis, Konstantinos [Σιαμάκης, Κωνσταντίνος]. «Αρχαιότατο χειρογράφο της Βίβλου» [“A very ancient manuscript of the Bible”]. 2010. In Greek. http://www.philologus.gr/2008-08-02-10-20-04/37/127-2010-01-24-22-37-22.Search in Google Scholar

Sibinga, Joost Smit. The Old Testament Text of Justin Martyr I. The Pentateuch. Leiden: Brill, 1963.Search in Google Scholar

Siegel, Jonathan. “The employment of palaeo-Hebrew characters for the Divine Names at Qumran in the light of tannaitic sources.” Hebrew Union College Annual, 42 (1971), 159–172.Search in Google Scholar

Simotas, Panayotis [Σιμωτάς, Παναγιώτης]. Αἱ ἀμετάφραστοι λέξεις ἐν τῷ κειμένῳ τῶν O’ [The untraslated words in the LXX text]. Τhessaloniki, 1968. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Mark. God in Translation: Deities in Cross-cultural Discourse in the Biblical World. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Stroumsa, Guy. “A nameless God: Judaeo-Christian and Gnostic ‘theologies of the Name’.” In The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. Edited by Peter J. Tomson and Doris Lambers-Petry. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Suriano, Matthew. “Tetragrammaton.” In the Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics (EHLL). General editor Geoffrey Khan, 751–755. Volume 3 (P–Z). Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Tov, Emanuel. Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008.10.1628/978-3-16-151454-8Search in Google Scholar

Tov, Emanuel. Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah, Volume 54). Leiden: Brill, 2004.10.1163/9789047414346Search in Google Scholar

Tov, Emanuel. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. Third edition, revised and expanded. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Ulrich, Eugene. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Urbach, Efraim Elimelech. The Sages: Their concepts and beliefs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.Search in Google Scholar

Van Langendonck, Willy. Theory and Typology of Proper Names (Trends in Linguistics Volume 168). Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2007.10.1515/9783110197853Search in Google Scholar

Vasileiadis, Pavlos [Βασιλειάδης, Παύλος]. “The pronunciation of the sacred Tetragrammaton: An overview of a nomen revelatus that became a nomen absconditus.” Judaica Ukrainica, 2 (2013), 5–20.Search in Google Scholar

Vasileiadis, Pavlos [Βασιλειάδης, Παύλος]. «Το ιερό Τετραγράμματο: Μια ιστορική και φιλολογική προσέγγιση του ονόματος του Θεού» [“The Holy Tetragrammaton: A historical and philological approach of God’s name”], Δελτίο Βιβλικών Μελετών [Bulletin of Biblical Studies], 28 (Jul.–Dec. 2010), 82–107. In Greek.Search in Google Scholar

Vasileiadis, Pavlos [Βασιλειάδης, Παύλος]. “Jesus, the New Testament, and the sacred Tetragrammaton.” Presented at the International Biblical Conference “Biblical Studies, West and East: Trends, Challenges, and Prospects,” organised by the Ukrainian Catholic University (19–20 September 2013, Lviv, Ukraine). Unpublished.Search in Google Scholar

Vinklát, Marek. “Jewish Elements in the Mandaic Written Magic.” In Šalom: Pocta Bedřichu Noskovi k sedmdesátým narozeninám (Deus et gentes, Volume 37). Edited by D. Biernot, J. Blažek and K. Veverková (eds.). Chomutov: L. Marek, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Wright, David. Martin Bucer: Reforming Church and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.10.1017/CBO9780511554810Search in Google Scholar

Würthwein, Ernst. The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Third edition, revised and expanded by Alexander Achilles Fischer. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2014. Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-8-3
Accepted: 2014-10-8
Published Online: 2015-1-29

©2015 Pavlos D. Vasileiadis

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Downloaded on 22.5.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/opth-2014-0006/html
Scroll to top button