Abstract
Belgian data from the PIDOP project show that boys are more involved than girls in illegal political actions, namely the production of graffiti and other acts of “incivility”. These activities must be considered in both groups as complementary to conventional political and social participation and not as their opposite. The main explanatory factor is the level of the perceived efficaciousness of such actions. The lack of trust in institutions and the level of awareness of societal discrimination play no significant explanatory role. In males, the involvement level in these activities depends on feelings of personal discrimination and on the lack of freedom concerning individual choice, confirming the theory of societal vulnerability and Honneth’s theory of recognition. This level also increases along with increasing opportunities to make acquaintances and have fun in the neighbourhood. In females, this involvement is explained by the distance with regard to pro-sociality level.
[1] Bereni, L., Chauvin, S., Jaunait, A., Revillard, A. (2008). Introduction aux Gender Sudies. Bruxelles: de Boeck. Search in Google Scholar
[2] Bourdieu, P. (1979). La distinction: critique sociale du jugement. Paris: Éditions de Minuit. Search in Google Scholar
[3] Briggs, J. E. (2008). Young Women and Politics: an Oxymoron. Journal of Youth Studies 11(6), 579–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676260802193132Search in Google Scholar
[4] Cario, R. (1997). Les filles résistent au crime. Paris: L’Harmattan. Search in Google Scholar
[5] Carlen, P. (1998). Women, Crime and Poverty. Philadelphia: Open University Press. Search in Google Scholar
[6] Chauvel, L. (2001). Le retour des classes sociales?. Revue de l’OFCE 79, 315–359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.079.0315Search in Google Scholar
[7] Chesney-Lind, M. (2002). The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Search in Google Scholar
[8] Dalton, R. J. (2008). Citizenship Norms and Expansion of Political Participation. Political Studies 56, 76–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00718.xSearch in Google Scholar
[9] Delacolette, N., Dardenne, B., Dumont, M. (2009). Stéréotypes prescriptifs et avantages des groupes dominants. L’Année psychologique 101, 617–653. Search in Google Scholar
[10] Duret, P. (1999). Les jeunes et l’identité masculine. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. Search in Google Scholar
[11] Egli, N., Vettenburg, N., Savoie, J., Lucia, S., Gavray, C., Zeman, K. (2010). Belgium, Canada and Switzerland: are there Differences in the Contributions of Selected Variables on Property and Violent Self-Reported Delinquency? European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 16(3), 145–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-010-9126-7Search in Google Scholar
[12] Gallego, A. (2007). Inequalities in Political Participation. Contemporary Patterns in European Countries. Irvine: Center for Study of Democracy, University of California. Search in Google Scholar
[13] Gavray, C. (2009a). Délinquance juvénile et enjeux de genre. Interrogations, Revue en sciences de l’homme et de la société, Formes, figures et représentations des faits de déviance féminins, 8 juin. Search in Google Scholar
[14] Gavray, C. (2009b). Consommations et délinquances: deux expériences complémentaires à l’adolescence. In M. Guedah (Ed.). Délinquances et changements sociaux, des modes de vie et des pratiques d’intervention. Dialogue nord-sud, Rabat: Actes du 11ème colloque de l’Association des criminologues de langue française, 213–241. Search in Google Scholar
[15] Gavray, C. (2010). Valeurs et attitudes stéréotypées à l’adolescence: quels enjeux en matière de réussite et d’insertion scolaire? In C. Gavray and A. Adriaenssens (Eds.). Une fille = un garçon? Identifier les inégalités de genre à l’école pour mieux les combattre, pp. 19–37. Paris: L’Harmattan. Search in Google Scholar
[16] Heidensohn, F. (1995). Women and Crime. Basingstoke: MacMillan. Search in Google Scholar
[17] John, P., Fieldhouse, E., Liu, H. (2011). How Civic is the Civic Culture? Explaining Community Participation Using the 2005 English Citizenship Survey. Political Studies 59(2), 230–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00891.xSearch in Google Scholar
[18] Honneth, A. (1999). Intégrité et mépris: principes d’une morale de la reconnaissance. Recherches sociologiques 30(2), 11–22. Search in Google Scholar
[19] Honneth, A. (2004). La théorie de la reconnaissance: une esquisse. Revue du MAUSS 1(23), 133–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rdm.023.0133Search in Google Scholar
[20] Honneth, A. (2006). La Société du mépris. Paris: La Découverte. Search in Google Scholar
[21] Le Goff, A. (2006). Délibérations, conflits et coopération. Honneth critique Habermas: vers une redéfinition de la notion de démocratie délibérative. Paris: Université Paris X-Nanterre, Les cahiers de l’école doctorale, 5, 5–25. Search in Google Scholar
[22] Longshore, D., Turner-Rand, S., Stein, J. A. (2006). Self-Control in a Criminal Sample: an Examination of Construct Validity. Criminology 34(2), 209–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01203.xSearch in Google Scholar
[23] Marry, C. (2004). Une révolution respectueuse: les femmes ingénieurs. Paris, Berlin: Perspectives sociologiques. Search in Google Scholar
[24] Ndobo, A. (2010). Les nouveaux visages de la discrimination. Bruxelles: de Boeck. Search in Google Scholar
[25] Stephan, W. G., Stephan, C. W. (2000). An Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.). Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination, pp. 23–45. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Search in Google Scholar
[26] Vettenburg, N., Walgrave, L., Van Kerkhove, J. (1984). Jeugdwerkloosheid, delinquentie en maatchappelijke kwetsbaarheid. Antwerpen/Arnhem: Kluwer/Gouda Quint. Search in Google Scholar
[27] Vettenburg, N., Gavray, C., Born, M. (2010). Belgium. In J. Junger-Tas, I. H. Marshall, D. Enzmann, M. Killias, M. Steketee, B. Gruszczynska (Eds.). Juvenile Delinquency in Europe and Beyond: Results of the Second International Self-Reported Study, pp. 29–46. London: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95982-5_3Search in Google Scholar
[28] Walgrave, L. (1992). Délinquance systématisée des jeunes et vulnérabilité sociétale: essai de construction d’une théorie intégrative. Genève: Méridiens Klincksieck. Search in Google Scholar
[29] Worrall, A. (2001). Girls at Risk? Reflections on Changing Attitudes to Young Women’s Offending. Probation Journal 8(2), 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455050104800203Search in Google Scholar
© 2012 Institute for Research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
