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Audio-Vestibular Alterations During the Phases of the Menstrual Cycle in Patients with Cochlear Implant

Article Information

Pasqualina Apisa1, Gennaro Auletta1, Teresa Furia1, Pasquale Riccardi1, Carla Laria1, Rita Malesci1, Carmine Papa1, Angelo Sarnelli1, Elio Marciano1, Annamaria Franzé1,2*

1Unit of Audiology, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini, Naples, Italy

2CEINGE- Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy

*Corresponding author: Annamaria Franzè, Unit of Audiology, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy

Received: 07 October 2019; Accepted: 14 October 2019; Published: 11 November 2019

Citation: Pasqualina Apisa, Gennaro Auletta, Teresa Furia, Pasquale Riccardi, Carla Laria, Rita Malesci, Carmine Papa, Angelo Sarnelli, Elio Marciano, Annamaria Franzé. Audio-Vestibular Alterations During the Phases of the Menstrual Cycle in Patients with Cochlear Implant. Archives of Clinical and Biomedical Research 3 (2019): 386-396.

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Abstract

Background: The female hormones fluctuations in woman’s life play a dominant role in homeostasis of the body and can influence the psycho-neurological processes in different body systems. In particular, in the auditory system seems that hormonal alterations during the menstrual cycle can compromise the homeostasis of the labyrinthine fluids altering balance and/or hearing.

Aims/Objectives: Our study aims to verify if hormonal changes during different menstrual phases may have an influence, in females with cochlear implants, on the trend of auditory and vestibular performances. Materials and methods: Tonal, speech audiometry, vestibular examination and a measure of cochlear implants electrodes impedances were realized in the follicular and luteal phases on a group of eight women who are at a fertile age, affected by profound sensorineural form of hearing loss and carrying a monolateral cochlear implant.

Results: Audio-vestibular alterations, as well as, an increase of impedance electrodes are reported in the luteal phase.

Conclusions: Our work suggests that audio-vestibular alterations are related to the different phases of the menstrual cycle with consequent variation also of the performances of the implant. It is very important to keep in mind this aspect to avoid negative results during rehabilitation.

Keywords

Reproductive hormones; Cochlear implant; Auditory ability; Endolymphatic liquids; Vestibular apparatus

Reproductive hormones articles, Cochlear implant articles, Auditory ability articles, Endolymphatic liquids articles, Vestibular apparatus articles

Article Details

1. Introduction

The progesterone and estrogenic hormones, and their inter-dependent fluctuations in a woman’s life have always played a dominant role in their physiological development and in the homeostasis of the female body. The capacity that the reproductive hormones have to influence the psycho-neurological processes lead to different systems in the body interacting [1 (. The auditory system, as with every other part of our body, does not have a static function. On the contrary, it is continually controlled by specific demands, and it receives its input through hormones and neuro- transmitters [2]. The excitable quality of the sensorial receptors, the neuronal transmission, the ionic mechanisms and the synaptic plastic quality are all probably modulated by signals which reach the auditory system from the rest of the body and so make the best possible use of the auditory function. There are several papers in the international literature that support these hypotheses. Indeed, it has also been suggested that the hormonal alterations during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause can all compromise the homeostasis of the labyrinthine fluids [3], in that they can act directly on the enzymatic processes and on the effects of the neuro-transmitters. These changes can alter balance and/or hearing. Charitidi et al. [4] with data obtained by electro-physiological studies on animals have shown that the increase of the auditory plasticity and the capacity to communicate are increased by estradiol. Moreover, Lòpez-Grueso et al. [5], have shown that evidences come from physiological and behavioral experiments in animals that report estrogen- induced changes in auditory central auditory responses, in otoacoustic emissions and in understanding the meaning of words. In addition, Al-Mana et al. [6] and Adriztina et al. [7] by analyzing women after menopause have shown that the worsening of hearing loss is related to estrogen deprivation.

More recently, Da Silva et al. [8] have reported that the auditory system, in females, is sensitive to changes in the female hormones by influencing the latencies of auditory brainstem responses, the amplitudes of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, the pressure of middle ear, the function of eustachian tube, and low frequency hearing thresholds, supporting the data, above reported [4] previously obtained by in animals. Moreover, Emami et al. [9] observed that there are significant changes in hearing thresholds during the menstrual cycle phases: improved hearing thresholds were observed in the follicular phase (the hearing thresholds at high frequencies were better).

Also with regard to the vestibular system, there are studies in the literature that show a correlation between its functioning and female hormones. Gould et al. [10] and Ishii et al. [11] suggested that peripheral vestibular alterations can take place, in a pre-menstrual phase (luteal phase) because of liquid retention in this menstrual phase, which results by an increase in the release of estrogens, progesterone and aldosterone. The presence of vertigo has been reported in the days before the onset of menstruation in which the levels of estrogen, progesterone and aldosterone inside the ear are higher [12,13]. The effect of the increase in hormonal level results, in fact, in the hydrops of the labyrinth with symptoms similar to those which are found in Ménière’s Disease [13]. The scientific evidences mentioned above with a link between the auditory (peripheral / central) system and the hormonal fluctuations let us to focus our attention to the auditory/vestibular variations we observed in several women with cochlear implant (CI). In particular, for several women, we have detected a cyclical variability in the performances of the implants, suggesting a possible role of menstrual hormones in CI outcomes too.

Actually, very little information is reported on correlation between hormone alterations cochlear implant performances, but in one paper, it has been reported that aldosterone can reduce impedance changes of CI electrodes [14]. This is interesting because it is known that, normally, the electrode impedances should not undergo major changes during the life, in fact, it is reported that a reduction in the average electrodes impedance was observed only during the first weeks after implantation and although impedances tended to increase slightly with the use of the cochlear implant, no statistically significant differences were found between the following months [15]. Our study aims, then, to investigate, in women with CI, the possible relationship between different hormonal levels during the menstrual phases (follicular / late luteal phases) and their auditory performances. We focused our attention on the trend of electrodes impedance and auditory perceptual abilities, as well as on vestibular problems.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Patients’ selection

The study was carried out by analyzing a group of women, at fertile age, recruited at the Unit of Audiology (University of Federico II, Naples). Only women with profound bilateral hearing loss and rehabilitated with mono-lateral CI from at least 5 years and a history of regular menstrual cycles were selected. Regular was defined as being foreseeable within three days and a normal cycle length (defined as 26-30 days) from at least a year before the study. Women were analyzed during both the follicular and luteal phases which represent menstrual phases with very different hormone levels: in the follicular phase the estrogen and progesterone are in the lowest level, while in the late luteal phase the progesterone is at its maximum level. We then selected eight female patients, aged between 18 and 45. None of the selected females smoked and had not taken, in the last six months, oral hormonal contraceptives. Seven of these had had their cochlear implant on their right hand side with only one of them having had it on the left side. The participants were evaluated between their 5th and 7th days (the follicular phase) and between the 24th and 27th days (late luteal phase) of their menstrual cycle. All of them reported, in anamnesis, particular symptoms in the days preceding the beginning of their menstrual cycle (late luteal phase).

Specifically, all eight women referred to a feeling of a lessening in their auditory ability, with four of them lamenting instability and a feeling of a thick head, two others referred to feelings of vertigo linked to neuro- vegetative symptomatology while the remaining two had an increase in pre-menstrual headaches. None of the eight patients lamented these symptoms in the follicular phase.

Follicular and luteal phases were confirmed by performing hormonal dosages of progesterone and estradiol. All the women in the study were followed for a year before starting the research, indicating they all had a normal ovulatory cycle.

2.2 Audiological evaluation

An audiological evaluation was performed, according to standard protocols, on all eight selected patients. In detail:

  1. Vestibular examination was realized by videonistagmoscopy. We evaluated: spontaneous- positional nystagmus with and without fixation, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) to slow rotation, Head shaking Test and Vibratory Test, with three stimulation trials of each mastoid, using 100 Hz with each stimulus lasting about 5-10 s.
  2. Pure tone audiometry at the frequencies of 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz and 6000
  3. Speech audiometry using single bi-syllabic words in common use, taken from an open list of words which were also phonetically
2.3 Evaluation of electrode impedances

To measure the impedances of the electrodes, a digital cochlear implant directly linked to the sound processor was used. The measuring process was controlled by a computer and the interfaces were supplied by each cochlear implant companies. The measuring process was carried out by the software of the implant and, in the specific case the 3.0 Soundwave was used for the Advanced Bionics company implants, and 4.1 Custom Sound for the Cochlear company implants. All audiological tests were repeated in the follicular and luteal phases for every patient.

3. Results

3.1 Vestibular evaluation

To verify if the menstrual phases can have influence on vestibular working we performed vestibular examination, in the eight women selected, both during the follicular and luteal phases (Table 1). As shown in the Table 1, during the luteal phase all patients showed signs of peripheral labyrinthine suffering, while in the vestibular phase the signs of vestibular suffering are present only in some patients and with less severe symptoms.

3.2 Evaluation of the auditory performances

In the Figure 1 are shown the performances in the pure tone audiometry: for all patients they were similar in both the luteal and the follicular phases.

Patient

Vestibular Examination in the Follicular Phase

Vibratory Test in the Follicular Phase

Vestibular Examination in the Luteal Phase

Vibratory Test in the Luteal Phase

R.F.

Geotropic nystagmus on the left, persistent, stationary, partially inhibited.

Re-enforces the left nystagmus

Bipositional, bidirectional side,persistent, stationary geotropic nystagmus, inhibited.

Re-enforces the left nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: left nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: left nystagmus

C.R.

Omnipositional, persistent, inhibited down-beating nystagmus.

Re-enforces the down nystagmus

Persistent, stationary, inhibited nystagmus to the left.

Re-enforces the left nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: negative

Head Shaking Test: left nystagmus

T.F.

Absence of spontaneous nystagmus.

Negative

Up-right, omnipositional, persistent, inhibited nystagmus.

Re-enforces the the right nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: left nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: left nystagmus

D.G.

Negative

Negative

Bi-positional, bi- directional, persistent, stationary, inhibited nystagmus. Head Shaking

Test: negative

Negative

T.C.

Up-beating nystagmus, omnipositional,

uninhibited.

Negative

Up-beating nystagmus, omnipositional,

uninhibited.

Re-enforces the up- beating nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: negative

Head Shaking Test: negative

D.V.

Negative

Evokes a right nystagmus

Down-left, persistent, omnipositional, inhibited nystagmus.

Evokes a right nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: right nystagmus

P.L.

Up-beating nystagmus in supine and side (left and right).

Negative

Up-beating nystagmus with rotational clockwise, omnipositional, persistent, inhibited nystagmus.

Evokes an up- beating nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: negative

Head Shaking Test: negative

A.B.

Left nystagmus in supine and left side, persistent, stationary, uninhibited

Negative

Down-beating, omnipositional, inhibited, stationary nystagmus.

Re-enforces the left nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: left nystagmus

Head Shaking Test: left nystagmus

Table 1: Synoptic table of the signs reported in the Vestibular Tests.

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Figure 1: Average of the tonal audiometric examinations in 8 patients in the follicular phase and in the luteal phase.

In Figures 2 and 3 are reported the speech audiometry results showing the qualitative response with a cochlear implant in the two phases of the menstrual cycle, respectively in the follicular and luteal phase. In particular, in the follicular phase (Figure 2) it can be

observed that 4/8 patients (50%) (AB, DG, TF, PL,) have a speech recognition threshold of 100% at the intensity of 50 dB; 1/8 patients (TC) 90% at 70 dB; 1/8 (DV) 70% at 50 dB; 1/8 patients (CR,) have 50% at 70 dB, 1/8 (RF) 0% at 60 dB.

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Figure 2: Vocal audiometric examination in the follicular phase.

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Figure 3: Vocal audiometric examination in the luteal phase.

Instead, in the luteal phase (Figure 3) it can be observed that only 1/8 patients (AB) have a speech recognition threshold of 100% at the intensity of 50 dB and 1/8 patients (DG) 100% at 60 dB; 2/8 patients (TF and PL) 90% at 50 dB; 1/8 (DV) have a speech recognition threshold of 70% at 60 dB; 1/8 (TC) 80% at 70 dB; 1/8 (CR) 30% at 60 dB and 1/8 (RF) 0% at 60 dB. In Figure 4 it is reported the comparison between the means of the prosthetic functional response with IC above described.

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Figure 4: Average of the performances in the vocal audiometry, in the follicular and luteal phases.

3.3 Evaluation of electrodes impedances

The average impedance of the electrodes was calculated in the luteal and follicular phases (Figure 5).

The results showed a general increase in the impedances of the electrodes in the luteal phase: values reached a maximum increase of 2.55 KOhm.

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Figure 5: Average of the impedance of the electrodes in the follicular and luteal phases.

4. Discussion

Several evidences [16, 17] suggested that the ovaric hormones influenced the metabolism of several electrolytes like calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The coming together of these cyclical, electrolytic changes [16, 18-22] confirmed the datum that many women undergo variation in the balancing of their liquids and electrolytes in their pre-menstrual days. It is known that different types of electrolytes are physiologically involved in cochlear homeostasis to guarantee a balanced ionic cochlear environment and that, hormonal fluctuations are known to result in compromised homeostasis of the auditory system and indirect modulation of auditory functions because of the presence of receptors in the cochlea for estrogen and progesterone [8].

Thus, it is no surprise that the hormonal changes, which reverberated on the electrolyte balance, could be the cause of the signs and symptoms as reported by the patients in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Experimental studies [23] have suggested that the aldosterone, which increased in the luteal phase, could increase the endolymphatic absorption inside the ear and, in particular, in the endolymphatic sac. The Na+/K+ATPasi pump, the Na+Cl- co-transporter and the epithelial Na+ canals seem to be controlled by the aldosterone and are expressed also in the endolymphatic sac [13]. Besides, the endolymphatic sac increased the Na+ permeability and the Na+/K+ATPasi activity, which potentially contributed to absorbing the endolymph. The numerous variations in internal ear homeostasis may then affect the auditory/vestibular system. In this study has been observed that, during the luteal phase, the examined patients reported an increase in audio-vestibular problems compared to the follicular phase.

First of all, as shown in Table 1, all patients showed signs of peripheral labyrinthine suffering during the luteal phase. There were evident signs which showed the canal-macular malfunction, as asymmetries where a side prevailed or/and an increase in the width of the nystagmus. The situation is different in the follicular phase (Table 1), the signs of labyrinthine suffering are not present in all patients and when present is less severe. As the literature confirmed [11, 24] labyrinthine suffering observed in the luteal phase could be a question of a probable expression of an endolymphatic hydrops caused by the electrolyte fluctuation because of a retention of sodium due to, as mentioned above, an increase in female hormones.

Moreover, for our patients, it was observed a lessening, in the luteal phase, in their auditory perceptive abilities (Figure 2-4), with a capacity perceptive reduced by 10% to the various intensities examined. In fact, they asked for the chance to carry out a fitting session for the cochlear implant during the luteal phase.

Our hypothesis is that the lessening in perceptive auditory abilities could be linked to the altered central auditory elaboration caused by an estrogenic fall and moreover to the increase in the electric impedances of the CI (Figure 5). About central auditory elaboration, recent studies [25, 26], have shown, in fact, that the fluctuations in female hormones can pilot the sound elaboration of the auditory cortex through modulations in the neuronal dopaminergic and cholinergic circuit in the cerebral cortex. Indeed the alterations of the cerebral substance during the menstrual cycle certainly play a role. As we mentioned previously, it's confirmed the increase in bilateral gray hippocampal volumes and the increase of the gray matter volumes of the right base ganglia after ovulation [4]. Moreover, a very recent study on 55 women has shown alterations of the brain substance during the menstrual cycle. In particular, it shows a significant estradiol- dependent pre-ovulatory increase in gray matter volumes of the bilateral hippocampus, but also a significant, progesterone- dependent increase in gray matter volumes of the right basal ganglia after ovulation [27]. The authors have shown that hormone driven menstrual cycle changes in human brain structure are small, but may be the underlying cause of menstrual cycle dependent changes in cognition and emotion. About electric impedances, our data showed, in the luteal phase, a homogeneous increase in the impedances of the electrodes over the entire sample which was studied (Figure 5). As has already been said, it is in this phase that the greatest hydro-electrolyte changes can be verified, among which is probably an endolymphatic hydrops. The hydro- electrolyte environment in which the electrodes were immersed was thus modified, in this phase, altering in part the electric transmission and thus probably auditory performances. It can be supposed that an increase in the K+ ions in the perilymph, which are normally scarcely represented, may perform a detergent function on the electrodes and may lead to a detachment of the subtle fibrotic area that keeps the electrodes in a stable position and thus an increase in impedances which negatively affects the hearing ability. With regard to this there can also be included an increase in the water through the aquaporin action which can determine the dilution of the endolymphatic liquids and so can lead to a reduction in its conduction capacity; it has been demonstrated in fact the influence of aquaporin in hydrops [28, 29].

Failure to alter hearing thresholds (Figure 1) despite the variation in electrode impedance (Figure 5) could be explained by the fact that electrical stimulation is within the micro-ampere range compared to nano-ampere in ion current, and would therefore not be relevant to hearing thresholds, but would instead affect the increase in volume and therefore the verbal perception (Figures 2-4).

The results showed how, during the late luteal phase, the symptoms the patients referred to corresponded to precise and objective signs. The work, therefore, add some suggestions on the role of hormones in corporal homeostasis and in particular, on the audio-vestibular performances. In fact, the audio-vestibular symptoms, reported by the patients with the cochlear implant, seemed to be amplified, in the luteal phase, and the lessening of their auditory ability is considered very annoying. Thus, it is important to bear in mind these features to avoid negative results during audiological rehabilitation.

It is clear that having studied a limited number of patients these data need further confirmation on a larger and statistically significant sample.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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