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Study on Antimicrobial Action of Citric Acid on Campylobacter Jejuni in Reared Chicken Carcass

Article Information

Marwa AbdElhamed1, Abeed A Saleh2, Elmossalami MK3, Mona M Sobhy4 *

1Researcher at Egypt center research and regenerative medicine

2Prof of Meat Hygiene and Precedence of Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt

3Meat Hygiene Dept. Faculty of Vet. Med. Cairo uni Giza, Egypt

4Reproductive diseases research Dept. anim. Reprod. Res. Inst (ARRI), AGR. Giza, Egypt

*Corresponding Author: Mona M Sobhy, Reproductive diseases research Dept. anim. Reprod. Res. Inst (ARRI), AGR. Giza, Egypt

 Received: 13 July 2021; Accepted: 23 July 2020; Published: 15 September 2021

Citation: Marwa AbdElhamed, Abeed A Saleh, Elmossalami MK, Mona M Sobhy. Study on Antimicrobial Action of Citric Acid on Campylobacter Jejuni in Reared Chicken Carcass. Archives of Veterinary Science and Medicine 4 (2021): 55-66.

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Abstract

A total of 200 chicken samples (breast and thigh muscles) obtained from retail broilers at different localities in Egypt. All samples were transported as soon as possible to the lab in Animal Reproduction Research Institute and subjected to bacteriological examination for C. jejuni. All samples examined by conventional methods for isolation and identification of Campylobacter. Samples subjected to standard phenotypic identification of C. jejuni by PCR using specific primers of hippuricase gene. The high incidence of C. jejune breast meat samples was (20%) then thigh samples (14%). The high incidence of C. jejune in breast samples in Giza (22 %) followed by Cairo (18%). The high incidence of C. jejune was in Giza (16 %), and Cairo (12%). All 68 C. jejuni isolates yielded the genus specific (16S rRNA) 63 isolates C. jejuni specific 323 bp. Amplicons 555 bp and 495 bp were confirmed to belong to C. jejuni cytolethal distending toxins showed at 555 bp for CdtC and at 495 bp for CdtB. The virulence genes of C. jejuni (FlaA, virB11) detected at 855 bp and 494 bp respectively. PCR analysis of Campylobacter virulence markers can be utilized as a simple and rapid tool especially when used as profile analysis for a control strategy. The effect of the citric acid was correlated with the level of pH, in chicken muscles in BHI broth at 4ºC after 4 hours of experiment. C. jejune (55.9%) strains was reduction after 30 min of experiment, (76.5%) after one hour, (89.7%) after 2 hours , (97%) after 3 hours and 100% completely reduction after 4 hours at pH changed from 2.5 to 3.5. at the end of experiment. The experiment of inhibitory effect of citric acid in chicken muscles in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth was done on positive muscle samples and pH measurements. Finally, citric acid and their active may be used as an alternative to use of antibiotic performance. Further research is needed regarding understanding mechanism of action, identifying means to standardize the eff

Keywords

Campylobacter jejune; Citric acid; Chicken meat

Campylobacter jejune articles; Citric acid articles; Chicken meat articles

Article Details

1. Introduction

Campylobacter jejuni is related to the poultry digestive system and to foodborne infection [1]. Campylobacter jejuni is considered the dominant species in chicken [2]. A limited number of studies have reported possible negative health implications in chickens caused by C. jejuni colonization of the gut, therefore this bacterium is considered to have a commensal relationship with chicken [3].

Campylobacteriosis is a significant enterocolitis of people, frequently acquired through consumption of undercooked poultry meat contaminated with C. jejuni [4]. Most human cases of campylobacteriosis are attributed to contaminated poultry [5]. Campylobacter infections in humans are usually characterized by self-limiting watery/bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and fever bacteremia and other extra intestinal complications may develop [6].

Broiler flocks affected with C jejuni, the prevalence can vary from 0% to 100% depending on season (lowest in fall and winter and highest in summer). C jejuni has been found in all areas of poultry production [4]. However, Lynch et al. (2011) [7] , reported that most Campylobacter were isolated from beef chicken (16%). Efforts have been made across the supply chain; including farms, processing plants, retailers, and through educating the public. Collectively, results suggest that Campylobacter is often present in broilers in a poor health condition, therefore suggesting that the mortality rate could be an efficiency marker for farm management practices and biosecurity [8].

Environmental contamination with bird droppings is probably the most common source of infection for dissemination of C jejuni. Campylobacter can be transmitted vertically, either on the surface of eggs or by transovarial transmission [9]. Non-chlorinated water shallow well should be regarded as a possible source. Houseflies can be a transmission source for flocks; equipment and footwear contaminated with feces from an infected source as a vehicle of transmission. Young chicks are easily colonized when exposed to C jejuni and can excrete the organism in the feces for their lifetimes [10].

Contamination of chicken meat with Campylobacter jejuni needs hygienic measures for decontamination in poultry processing. The treatment of chicken meats with plant-derived compound as citric acid, which is recognized as a safe , advisable for minimizing the initial level of Jejuni and extending the shelf life of chicken parts by reducing total microbial number [11]. Therefore, the aim of this work was studied the effect of different dilution of citric acid on the survival of C. jejuni inoculated experimentally in chicken meat samples.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Samples

A total of 200 chicken samples (breast and thigh) obtained from retail broilers at different localities in Egypt. All collected samples were transported as soon as possible to Campylobacter lab in Animal Reproduction Research Inst.El-Haram and subjected to bacteriological investigation for C.jejuni.

Locality

Total No. of Chicken Samples

No. of Chicken Samples

Breast muscles

Thigh muscles

Cairo

100

50

50

Giza

100

50

50

Total

200

100

100

Table (A): Number of chicken meat samples for isolation of C. jejuni.

2.2 Bacteriological examination

2.2.1 Isolation and identification of Campylobacter: A loopful of samples was plated on semisolid Thioglycollate broth (Oxoid) and incubated in microaerophilic atmosphere (5% O2, 10% CO2 and 85% N2) at 37°C and 42°C for 48 -72hrs.

Microscopic examination for the incubated samples was done for detection of Campylobacter microorganisms under phase contrast microscope to examine the characteristic motility. All The isolates were subjected to Gram’s staining and biochemical tests, such as catalase, oxidase, urease, nitrate reduction and indole acetate hydrolysis, hippurate hydrolysis test and susceptibility to Cephalothin and nalidixic acid by the disc diffusion method Holt et al, (1994).

2.3 Molecular characterization of Campylobacter

2.3.1 Oligonucleotide primers used in qPCR: Five pairs of primers were supplied from (Metabion). They have specific sequence and amplify specific products as shown in Table (2).

Target gene

Primer sequence (5'-3')

Length of amplified product

Reference

C. jejuni hipO

ACTTCTTTATTGCTTGCTGC

323 bp

Wang et al., 2002

GCCACAACAAGTAAAGAAGC

FlaA

AATAAAAATGCTGATAAAACAGGTG

855 bp

Datta et al., 2003

TACCGAACCAATGTCTGCTCTGATT

virB11

TCTTGTGAGTTGCCTTACCCCTTTT

494 bp

-

CCTGCGTGTCCTGTGTTATTTACCC

CdtB

GTTAAAATCCCCTGCTATCAACCA

495 bp

Bang et al., 2003

GTTGGCACTTGGAATTTGCAAGGC

cdtC

TGGATGATAGCAGGGGATTTTAAC

555 bp

-

TTGCACATAACCAAAAGGAAG

Table (B): Oligonucleotide primers sequences.

2.3.2 Extraction of DNA: according to QIAamp DNA mini kit: Twenty μl QIAGEN protease were pipetted into the bottom of a 1.5 ml micro centrifuge tube. 200 μl of the sample was added. 200 μl buffer AL were added to the sample, mixed by pulse vortexing for 15 seconds. The mixture was incubated at 56°C for 10 min.

The 1.5 ml micro centrifuge tube was centrifuged to remove drops from the inside of the lid. 200 μl ethanol (96%) were added to the sample, and mixed again by pulse vortexing for 15 seconds. After mixing, the 1.5 ml micro centrifuge tube was briefly centrifuged to remove drops from the inside of the lid.

The mixture from step 6 was carefully applied to the QIAamp mini spin column (in a 2ml collecting tube) without wetting the rim. The cap was closed, and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 min. The QIAamp mini spin column was placed in a clean 2 ml collection tube, and the tube containing the filtrate was discarded. The QIAamp mini spin column was carefully opened and 500 ml buffer AW1 was added without wetting the rim. The cap was closed, and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 min. The QIAamp mini spin column was placed in a clean 2 ml collection tube, and the tube containing the filtrate was discarded. The QIAamp mini spin column was carefully opened and 500 ml buffer AW2 was added without wetting the rim.

The cap was closed, and centrifuged at full speed for 3 min. The QIAamp mini spin column was placed in a new 2 ml collection tube and the old collection tube was discarded with the filtrate.

Centrifugation at full speed for 1 min was done. The QIAamp mini spin column was placed in a clean 1.5 ml micro centrifuge tube, and the collection tube containing the filtrate was discarded. The QIAamp mini spin column was carefully opened and 100 μl buffer AE were added. The QIAamp mini spin column was Incubated at room temperature (15-25°C) for 1 min, and then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 min [12].

2.3.3 Preparation of duplex PCR master: Mix for each of (C. jejuni hipO), (cdtB and cdtC) and (virB11 and flaA) genes according to GoTaq® Hot Start Green Master Mix.

Table icon

Table (C): Cycling conditions of the different primers during PCR.

2.3.4 Agarose gel electrophoreses [13]: Electrophoresis grade Agarose (1.5 g) was prepared in 100 ml TBE buffer in a sterile flask, 0.5μg/ml Ethidium bromide was added and mixed thoroughly. Twenty μl of each PCR product samples, negative control and positive control were loaded to the gel. The gel was photographed by a gel documentation system and the data was analyzed.

2.4 Preparation of C. jejuni inoculum

Campylobacter jejuni strains were maintained at 70ºC in BHI broth containing 15% glycerol. During propagation and growth, all plates were incubated at 37ºC in sealed gas jars under microaerobic conditions (5% O2, 10 % CO2, and 85% N2). Cultures were prepared by growing the strains for 3 to 4 days on blood agar base (Oxoid) containing 5% sheep blood. One loopful of each culture was subsequently streaked onto blood agar base plates, which were incubated for 24 h. The cells were harvested with 2 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (Oxoid). The inoculum was diluted based on the observation that the optical density at 600 nm, the inoculum was diluted to approximately 7 logs CFU/ml in either chicken muscle was ready for use [14]).

2.5 Experiment by using Citric acid

2.5.1 Preparation of chicken muscles: Chicken breast and thigh muscles were obtained from retail broilers and stored at low temperatures (5 and 10 degrees C) C. jejuni remained viable in chicken juice for a remarkably longer period of time.

2.5.2 Inhibitory effect of citric acid in chicken meat and BHI broth: Four-milliliter of the inoculum prepared in chicken muscles or BHI broth were transferred into sterile tubes, and 100 ml from a 20% stock solution lemon juice (citric acid) was pipetted into the tubes, resulting in an organic acid concentration of 0.5%. The tubes were immediately stored at 4ºC. After 0, 10, 20, 30 minutes.1, 2, 3 and 4 h of storage, samples were collected to determine populations of C. jejuni. Two replicate experiments were conducted.

2.5.3 PH measurement: The values of pH for all chicken muscles with citric acid were measured after 5 to 10 min and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 h of experiment.

3. Results

3.1 Identification of Campylobacter jejuni by culture method

Localities

Number of examined samples

Total Positive Campylobacter jejuni %

Positive

C. jejune in breast %

Positive

C. jejune in thigh%

Cairo

100

30

30%

18

18%

12

12%

Giza

100

38

38%

22

22%

16

16%

Total

200

68

34%

40

20%

28

14%

Table 1: Occurrence of C. jejuni in chicken samples (breast and thigh meat) by conventional method.

C. jejuni

Characteristics

+

+

+

--

+

+

+

+

S

R

Oxidase

Catalase

Nitrate reduction

Urease

Hippurate hydrolysis

Growth at:

37°C

43°C

Growth at 1% glycine

Susceptibility to:

Nalidixic acid

Cephalothin

Table 2: Biochemical tests to detect C. jejuni.

3.2 Molecular typing of Campylobacter

Sixty eight positive samples for C. jejuni were examined by Multiplex PCR for detection of C. jejuni and virulence strains of C. jejuni and cytolethal distending toxins (Figures 1, 2 and 3).

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 1: Multiplex PCR on 1.5% agarose gels. +ve= positive -ve= negative. Campylobacter isolates yielded the genus specific (16S rRNA) C. jejuni specific 323 bp Lane M: 100-600 bp ladders; Lane: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6,7,11 positive C. jejuni at 323 bp.

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 2: C.jejuni cytolethal distending toxins showed at 555 bp for CdtC and at 495 bp for CdtB Lane M: 100 bp – 600 bp ladder; Lane: 2, 4, 7 C. jejuni CdtC at 555bp; Lane: 1, 5, 6, 11 C.jejuni CdtB at 495b.

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure3: The virulence strains of C. jejuni virB11 showed at 494 bp and FlaA at 855 bp Lane M: 100 bp –1600 bp ladder; Lane: 1, 4, 5 C. jejuni virB11 at 494bp.

3.3 Inhibitory effect of citric acid in chicken muscles

Type of samples

Positive samples

15 min

30 min

One hr.

2 hrs.

3 hrs.

4 hrs.

Breast meat

40

15

37.5%

23

57.5%

30

75%

35

87.5%

38

95%

40

100%

Thigh meat

28

12

42.9%

15

53.6%

22

78.6%

26

92.9%

28

100%

28

100%

Total

68

27

39.7%

38

55.9%

52

76.5%

61

89.7%

66

97%

68

100%

Table 3: Relative reduction of C. jejuni strains exposed to Citric acid in BHI at 4 º C.

Type of examined samples

Total Positive C. jejuni

After 5 min. of Exp.

pH

After 10 min. of Exp.

pH

After 1 hrs. of Exp.

pH

After 2 hrs. of Exp.

pH

After 3 hrs. of Exp.

pH

Chicken muscles

68

2.5

2.7

3

3.3

3.5

Table 4: pH measurements exposed to Citric acid in BHI at 4 º C.

4. Discussion

Consumption of contaminated chicken meat products have been identified as major sources of C. jejuni for humans [15]. Chicken carcass contaminated with C. jejuni during processing by faecal [16, 17]. The cross-contamination between slaughtered flocks and processing of chicken leads to higher contamination with C. jejuni [18]. To reduce human exposure to C. jejuni is by controlling the pathogen at the farm level in the chicken flocks, by effective control measures.

Numerous control strategies have been tested to reduce C. jejuni contamination in chicken, such as farm biosecurity, vaccination, therapy, and the use of feed additives [19]. Non-antibiotic feed additives, such as organic acids and essential oils, were tested for their action on C. jejuni, showing varying efficacy. Essential oil extracts, such as Eucalyptus, Valencia orange and cinnamon, are very potent against C. jejuni in vitro [20]. Organic acids such as formic acid, lactic and acetic acid are bactericidal against C. jejuni in vitro and are also effective at some degree in vivo [21].

The high incidence of C. jejuni in chicken breast muscles samples was (20%) followed by chicken thigh muscles samples (14%) (Table 1). The high incidence of C. jejuni in chicken breast meat samples in Giza (22 %) and Cairo (18%). But, C. jejune in chicken thigh samples was high incidence in Giza (16 %) and Cairo (12%) Table 1. C. jejuni carcass contamination level of 4.7 log CFU/carcass [22, 23]. C. jejuni caecal was contaminated the carcass during slaughtered and evisceration processing [24].

Conventional techniques used for the detection and identification of Campylobacter species are laborious, time-consuming and problems of contamination are often encountered [25, 26]. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is widely used of all molecular techniques, it is highly sensitive, specific and rapid for the detection of food-borne pathogens [27]. All the 68 Campylobacter isolates yielded the genus specific (16S rRNA) 63 isolates C. jejuni specific 323 bp in Figure 1. Amplicons 555 bp and 495 bp were confirmed to belong to C.jejuni cytolethal distending toxins showed at 555 bp for CdtC and at 495 bp for CdtB of the genus Campylobacter (Figure 2).

Therefore, the isolates obtained were further confirmed by PCR analysis whereas most of the strains contained the CDT genes. These results detected by Rajagunalan et al., (2014) [28]. Virulence gene markers were identified by multiplex PCR. The results showed that isolates of C. jejuni contained the flaA gene sequences. The virulence genes of C. jejuni (FlaA, virB11) have shown at 855 bp and 494 bp respectively (Figure 3). The virB11 gene was present only in (14.7%) of the analyzed isolates. These results agreed with Wieczorek and Osek (2011) [29]. PCR analysis detection of Campylobacter virulence markers can be utilized as a simple and rapid tool to recover from different sources, especially when used as profile analysis for a control strategy [30].

The present study analyzed the diversity of C.jejuni population in chicken to monitor the contamination process throughout the farm, slaughter, and post chilling phases. There are several studies in literature assessing the use of plant extracts, as antimicrobials, antioxidants, or digestibility enhancers in animal feeds. Dietary organic acids have been considered as antibacterial nature. Chemically, organic acids used in food animal production described as simple monocarboxylic acids (e.g., formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) or carboxylic acids (e.g., lactic, malic, tartaric, and citric acids) [31].

The effect of the citric acid was correlated with the level of pH, in chicken meat (Table 3). The result was in a greater reduction of C. jejuni in breast and thigh meat in BHI broth at 4ºC after 4 hours of experiment. As of the 68 C. jejuni strains tested, only C. jejune 38 (55.9%) strains was reduction after 30 min of experiment, 52 (76.5%) required one hour for reduction, 61 (89.7%) after 2 hours , 66 (97%) after 3 hours and 100% completely reduction after 4 hours. Survival of C. jejuni in the presence of citric acid observed for stresses at pH 3.5 (Table 4). These findings confirm that citric acid influences C. jejuni [32].

In (Table, 4) found that the antibacterial effect of citric acid on C. jejune on chicken meat. Lowering pH by adding citric acid onto the chicken meat surface, observed a rapid rise in pH within a few minutes, which to some extent neutralized the antibacterial effect with an acceptable taste of the prepared meat.

Perko-Ma¨kela¨ et al. (2000) [33] found that low pH is necessary to obtain a rapid effect for reduction of C. jejuni population in broiler meat reported positive scores with regard to taste and texture. Citric acid is disrupting the outer membrane and initiate cell lysis with an increase in permeability of C. jejuni [34].

Finally, this study shows that citric acid and their active principles may be used as an alternative to the use of antibiotic performance. Further research is needed regarding understanding mechanism of action, identifying means to standardize the effects, improving delivery methods, and increasing their in vivo efficacy.

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