تأثیر خشونت خانگی علیه زنان بر وقوع سقط عمدی جنین (نتایج پیمایشی در شهر صدرا)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار جمعیت‌شناسی بخش جامعه‌شناسی و برنامه‌ریزی اجتماعی، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.

2 استادیار مددکاری اجتماعی، بخش جامعه‌شناسی و برنامه‌ریزی اجتماعی، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جمعیت‌شناسی، بخش جامعه‌شناسی و برنامه‌ریزی اجتماعی، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: سقط جنین یکی از مهمترین تهدید کننده‌های سلامت مادری است. خشونت خانگی علیه زنان نیز یکی از متغیرهای اجتماعی تأثیرگذار بر سقط جنین است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی رابطه خشونت خانگی علیه زنان و احتمال سقط عمدی جنین انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌‌ها: مطالعه حاضر در سال 1401 با استفاده از روش پیمایش انجام شد. برای سنجش خشونت خانگی علیه زنان از پرسشنامه ساخت‌یافته استاندارد استفاده شد. جامعه آماری این مطالعه شامل تمام زنان 15 تا 49 ساله ساکن شهر صدرا بود. براساس فرمول کوکران تعداد 379 نفر زنان پیمایش شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها در نرم افزار SPSS20 انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: تجربۀ خشونت خانگی در بین 6/4 درصد زنان در سطح بالایی بود. یافته‌ها نشان داد که 7/8 درصد زنان سابقه سقط عمدی جنین داشته‌اند. احتمال سقط عمدی جنین در بین زنان با تحصیلات متوسطه و زنان متعلق به اقلیت‌های مذهبی به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از زنان با تحصیلات دانشگاهی و زنان متعلق به مذهب تشیع بود (05/0P<). با افزایش خشونت خانگی احتمال سقط عمدی جنین در بین آنها افزایش یافت (05/0P<). ضریب تعیین نشان داد که بین 10 تا 22 درصد از احتمال وقوع سقط عمدی جنین توسط متغیرهای مستقل قابل پیش بینی است.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: تلاش در راستای کاهش خشونت خانگی می‌تواند کاهش آمار سقط‌های عمدی را در پی داشته باشد. تأکید بر توانمندسازی زنان آسیب‌پذیر و خشونت‌دیده می‌تواند در این زمینه مفید واقع شود. کاهش سقط عمدی به ارتقاء سطح سلامت زنان در جامعه خواهد انجامید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Impact of Domestic Violence against Women on the Incidence of Induced Abortion (Results of a Survey in Sadra City)

نویسندگان [English]

  • serajeddin Mahmoudiani 1
  • Roghayeh Khosravi 2
  • Manzar Abedi 3
1 Assistant Professor of Demography, Department of Sociology and Social Planning, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Social Work, Department of Sociology and Social Planning, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
3 M.A Student of Demography, Department of Sociology and Social Planning, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Abortion is one of the most important threats to maternal health. Domestic violence is one of the social variables that affect abortion. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between domestic violence against women and the Likelihood of induced abortion.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using survey method in 2022 year. To measure the domestic violence against women was used a standard structured questionnaire. The statistical population of this study includes all women aged 15 to 49 years living in Sadra city. According to Cochran’s formula, a total of 379 women were surveyed. Data analysis using logistic regression technique was performed in SPSS20 software.
Findings: The experience of domestic violence was high among 4.6% of women. The results showed that 8.7% of women had experienced induced abortion. Women with secondary education and women belonging to religious minorities were significantly more likely to induced abortion than women with university education and women belonging to the Shiite religion (P<0.05). With the rise of domestic violence against women, the likelihood of induced abortion increased among them (P<0.05). Determination coefficient (R2) showed the 10 to 22 percent of the Likelihood of induced abortion is predictable by independents variables.
Conclusion: Efforts in reduction of domestic violence can reduce the number of induced abortions. In this regard, emphasis on empowerment of vulnerable and violent women can be helpful. Reduction in induced abortion would improve the health of women in society.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Women
  • Domestic Violence
  • Induced Abortion

مراجع

  1. Rashidpouraie R, Sharifi MN, Rashidpouraei M. Abortion Laws and Regulations in Iran and European Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Arak Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2020; 23(5):686–97. Available from: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=6510&sid=1&slc_lang=en&ftxt=1
  2. Larijani B, Zahedi F. Changing parameters for abortion in Iran. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2006; 3(4):130–1. Available from: http://emri.tums.ac.ir/UpFiles/Documents/5d6ef0f7-f3be-434f-8871-4181eb2e9410.pdf
  3. Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Moller AB, Tunçalp Ö, Beavin C, et al. Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2020;8(9): e1152–61. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X20303156
  4. Rastegari A, Baneshi MR, Haji-Maghsoudi S, Nakhaee N, Eslami M, Malekafzali H, et al. Estimating the annual incidence of abortions in Iran applying a network scale-up approach. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014;16(10). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270634/
  5. Hedayat KM, Shooshtarizadeh P, Raza M. Therapeutic abortion in Islam: Contemporary views of Muslim Shiite scholars and effect of recent Iranian legislation. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2006;32(11):652–7. Available from: https://jme.bmj.com/content/32/11/652.short
  6. Dolatian M, Gharache M, Ahmadi M, Shams J, Alavi Majd H. Relationship between partner abuse during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Med J Hormozgan Univ [Internet]. 2010; 13(4):260–9. Available from: file:///C:/Users/monak_ogytp3u/Downloads/88793.pdf
  7. WHO. Violence against women. WHO Fact Sheet [Internet]. 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/mipfiles/2269/239-Violence against women for MIP
  8. Sattarzadeh N, Khodai R. Risk factors of behavioral violence against pregnant women and its associated with pregnancy outcomes in medical-university hospitals in Tabriz. Artic Persian] J Tabriz Nurs Midwifery. 2009; 11:10–7.
  9. Chandra PS, Satyanarayana VA, Carey MP. Women reporting intimate partner violence in India: Associations with PTSD and depressive symptoms. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet]. 2009;12(4):203–9. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-009-0065-6
  10. Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet [Internet]. 2006;368(9543):1260–9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673606695238evalence+of+intimate+partner+violence%3A+findings+from+the+WHO+multi-country+study+on+women’s+health+and+domestic+violence&btnG=
  11. Pallitto CC, García-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Heise L, Ellsberg M, Watts C. Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: Results from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2013;120(1):3–9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020729212003980
  12. Stephenson R, Jadhav A, Winter A, Hindin M. Domestic Violence and Abortion Among Rural Women in Four Indian States. Violence Against Women [Internet]. 2016;22(13):1642–58. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077801216630148?journalCode=vawa
  13. Ely G, Murshid N. The Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Distance Traveled to Access Abortion in a Nationally Representative Sample of Abortion Patients. J Interpers Violence [Internet]. 2021;36(1–2):NP663–89. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0886260517734861
  14. Hajnasiri H, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Sayehmiri K, Moafi F, Farajzadeh M. Domestic violence among Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2016;18(6). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5006439/
  15. Muratori C. The Impact of Abortion Access on Violence Against Women [Internet]. Università degli studi di Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics …; 2021. Available from: https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/economics/emdp202103.pdf
  16. Sharbatiyan MH, Danesh P, Tavafi P. Sociological analysis of domestic violence against women and its relationship with the feeling of security at home (Case study of women aged 18-54 in Miyaneh city). Strateg Res Soc Issues Iran. 2017;6(1):47–72.
  17. Azadarmaki T, Kassani A, Menati R, Hassanzadeh J, Menati W. Psychometric Properties of a Screening Instrument for Domestic Violence in a Sample of Iranian Women. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2016; Inpress(Inpress). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915204/
  18. Diop-Sidibé N, Campbell JC, Becker S. Domestic violence against women in Egypt - Wife beating and health outcomes. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2006;62(5):1260–77. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953605003953
  19. Ackerson LK, Subramanian S V. Domestic violence and chronic malnutrition among women and children in India (American Journal of Epidemiology (2008) 167:10 (1188-1196)). Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2009; 170(2):268. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/167/10/1188/232214
  20. Wilson-Williams L, Stephenson R, Juvekar S, Andes K. Domestic violence and contraceptive use in a rural Indian village. Violence Against Women [Internet]. 2008; 14(10):1181–98. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077801208323793?journalCode=vawa
  21. Hall JA, Yerramilli M, Obare E, Yerramilli M, Yu S, Jewell DE. Comparison of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine as kidney function biomarkers in healthy geriatric cats fed reduced protein foods enriched with fish oil, L-carnitine, and medium-chain triglycerides. Vet J [Internet]. 2014; 202(3):588–96. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090023314004341
  22. Maciel MNA, Blondel B, Saurel-Cubizolles MJ. Physical Violence During Pregnancy in France: Frequency and Impact on the Health of Expectant Mothers and New-Borns. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2019; 23(8):1108–16. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-019-02747-y
  23. Yari A, Zahednezhad H, Gheshlagh RG, Kurdi A. Frequency and determinants of domestic violence against Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021;21(1):1–10. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-021-11791-9
  24. Aston G, Bewley S. Abortion and domestic violence. Obstet Gynaecol. 2009; 11(3):163–8.
  25. Thakuri DS, Ghimire PR, Poudel S, Khatri RB. Association between Intimate Partner Violence and Abortion in Nepal: A Pooled Analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (2011 and 2016). Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2020; 2020. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/5487164/
  26. Zakar R, Nasrullah M, Zakar MZ, Ali H. The association of intimate partner violence with unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss in Pakistan. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2016; 133(1):26–31. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020729215007274
  27. CC P, GM C, AFMJ H, H L, E M, W C. Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: results from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2013;120(1):3–9.
  28. Väisänen H. The timing of abortions, births, and union dissolutions in Finland. Demogr Res [Internet]. 2017;37(1):889–916. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26332215
  29. Dastyar N, Rafati F, Mehralizadeh A. Spiritual health in pregnant women with domestic violence experience in the south of Iran in 2020: A descriptive study. Hayat [Internet]. 2022; 28(2):161–72. Available from: https://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=4516&sid=1&slc_lang=en
  30. Khalili Z, Navaee M, Shakiba M, Navidian A. The effect of supportive-educational intervention on psychological distress in pregnant women subjected to domestic violence: a randomized controlled trial. Hayat [Internet]. 2019; 25(2):151–67. Available from: https://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=2970&sid=1&slc_lang=en
  31. Karimi A, Daliri S, Miri KS. The relationship between violence during pregnancy and low birth weight: A meta-analysis study. Hayat [Internet]. 2016; 22(3):216–28. Available from: https://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=1524&sid=1&slc_lang=en
  32. Iran SC of. The results of 2016 census. Tehran. Tehran Stat Cent Iran [Internet]. 2016; Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir/
  33. A M-T, A K, M J. A Survey of Domestic Violence in Married Women Referred to Forensic Medicine and Welfare Centers in Yazd in 2010. J Toloo-e-behdasht. 2012;11–24.
  34. Razaghi N, Ramezani M, Parvizi S, Nejad SMT. Domestic violence against women, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran: a grounded theory study [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/emhj/documents/in_press/domestic_violence_against_women_mashhad_islamic_republic_of_iran_a_grounded_theory-study.pdf?ua=1
  35. Amoakohene MI. Violence against women in Ghana: A look at women’s perceptions and review of policy and social responses. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2004;59(11):2373–85. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953604001637
  1. Rashidpouraie R, Sharifi MN, Rashidpouraei M. Abortion Laws and Regulations in Iran and European Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Arak Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2020; 23(5):686–97. Available from: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=6510&sid=1&slc_lang=en&ftxt=1
  2. Larijani B, Zahedi F. Changing parameters for abortion in Iran. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2006; 3(4):130–1. Available from: http://emri.tums.ac.ir/UpFiles/Documents/5d6ef0f7-f3be-434f-8871-4181eb2e9410.pdf
  3. Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Moller AB, Tunçalp Ö, Beavin C, et al. Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2020;8(9): e1152–61. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X20303156
  4. Rastegari A, Baneshi MR, Haji-Maghsoudi S, Nakhaee N, Eslami M, Malekafzali H, et al. Estimating the annual incidence of abortions in Iran applying a network scale-up approach. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014;16(10). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270634/
  5. Hedayat KM, Shooshtarizadeh P, Raza M. Therapeutic abortion in Islam: Contemporary views of Muslim Shiite scholars and effect of recent Iranian legislation. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2006;32(11):652–7. Available from: https://jme.bmj.com/content/32/11/652.short
  6. Dolatian M, Gharache M, Ahmadi M, Shams J, Alavi Majd H. Relationship between partner abuse during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Med J Hormozgan Univ [Internet]. 2010; 13(4):260–9. Available from: file:///C:/Users/monak_ogytp3u/Downloads/88793.pdf
  7. WHO. Violence against women. WHO Fact Sheet [Internet]. 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/mipfiles/2269/239-Violence against women for MIP
  8. Sattarzadeh N, Khodai R. Risk factors of behavioral violence against pregnant women and its associated with pregnancy outcomes in medical-university hospitals in Tabriz. Artic Persian] J Tabriz Nurs Midwifery. 2009; 11:10–7.
  9. Chandra PS, Satyanarayana VA, Carey MP. Women reporting intimate partner violence in India: Associations with PTSD and depressive symptoms. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet]. 2009;12(4):203–9. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-009-0065-6
  10. Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet [Internet]. 2006;368(9543):1260–9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673606695238evalence+of+intimate+partner+violence%3A+findings+from+the+WHO+multi-country+study+on+women’s+health+and+domestic+violence&btnG=
  11. Pallitto CC, García-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Heise L, Ellsberg M, Watts C. Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: Results from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2013;120(1):3–9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020729212003980
  12. Stephenson R, Jadhav A, Winter A, Hindin M. Domestic Violence and Abortion Among Rural Women in Four Indian States. Violence Against Women [Internet]. 2016;22(13):1642–58. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077801216630148?journalCode=vawa
  13. Ely G, Murshid N. The Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Distance Traveled to Access Abortion in a Nationally Representative Sample of Abortion Patients. J Interpers Violence [Internet]. 2021;36(1–2):NP663–89. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0886260517734861
  14. Hajnasiri H, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Sayehmiri K, Moafi F, Farajzadeh M. Domestic violence among Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2016;18(6). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5006439/
  15. Muratori C. The Impact of Abortion Access on Violence Against Women [Internet]. Università degli studi di Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics …; 2021. Available from: https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/economics/emdp202103.pdf
  16. Sharbatiyan MH, Danesh P, Tavafi P. Sociological analysis of domestic violence against women and its relationship with the feeling of security at home (Case study of women aged 18-54 in Miyaneh city). Strateg Res Soc Issues Iran. 2017;6(1):47–72.
  17. Azadarmaki T, Kassani A, Menati R, Hassanzadeh J, Menati W. Psychometric Properties of a Screening Instrument for Domestic Violence in a Sample of Iranian Women. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2016; Inpress(Inpress). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915204/
  18. Diop-Sidibé N, Campbell JC, Becker S. Domestic violence against women in Egypt - Wife beating and health outcomes. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2006;62(5):1260–77. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953605003953
  19. Ackerson LK, Subramanian S V. Domestic violence and chronic malnutrition among women and children in India (American Journal of Epidemiology (2008) 167:10 (1188-1196)). Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2009; 170(2):268. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/167/10/1188/232214
  20. Wilson-Williams L, Stephenson R, Juvekar S, Andes K. Domestic violence and contraceptive use in a rural Indian village. Violence Against Women [Internet]. 2008; 14(10):1181–98. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077801208323793?journalCode=vawa
  21. Hall JA, Yerramilli M, Obare E, Yerramilli M, Yu S, Jewell DE. Comparison of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine as kidney function biomarkers in healthy geriatric cats fed reduced protein foods enriched with fish oil, L-carnitine, and medium-chain triglycerides. Vet J [Internet]. 2014; 202(3):588–96. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090023314004341
  22. Maciel MNA, Blondel B, Saurel-Cubizolles MJ. Physical Violence During Pregnancy in France: Frequency and Impact on the Health of Expectant Mothers and New-Borns. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2019; 23(8):1108–16. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-019-02747-y
  23. Yari A, Zahednezhad H, Gheshlagh RG, Kurdi A. Frequency and determinants of domestic violence against Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021;21(1):1–10. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-021-11791-9
  24. Aston G, Bewley S. Abortion and domestic violence. Obstet Gynaecol. 2009; 11(3):163–8.
  25. Thakuri DS, Ghimire PR, Poudel S, Khatri RB. Association between Intimate Partner Violence and Abortion in Nepal: A Pooled Analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (2011 and 2016). Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2020; 2020. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/5487164/
  26. Zakar R, Nasrullah M, Zakar MZ, Ali H. The association of intimate partner violence with unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss in Pakistan. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2016; 133(1):26–31. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020729215007274
  27. CC P, GM C, AFMJ H, H L, E M, W C. Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: results from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2013;120(1):3–9.
  28. Väisänen H. The timing of abortions, births, and union dissolutions in Finland. Demogr Res [Internet]. 2017;37(1):889–916. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26332215
  29. Dastyar N, Rafati F, Mehralizadeh A. Spiritual health in pregnant women with domestic violence experience in the south of Iran in 2020: A descriptive study. Hayat [Internet]. 2022; 28(2):161–72. Available from: https://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=4516&sid=1&slc_lang=en
  30. Khalili Z, Navaee M, Shakiba M, Navidian A. The effect of supportive-educational intervention on psychological distress in pregnant women subjected to domestic violence: a randomized controlled trial. Hayat [Internet]. 2019; 25(2):151–67. Available from: https://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=2970&sid=1&slc_lang=en
  31. Karimi A, Daliri S, Miri KS. The relationship between violence during pregnancy and low birth weight: A meta-analysis study. Hayat [Internet]. 2016; 22(3):216–28. Available from: https://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=1524&sid=1&slc_lang=en
  32. Iran SC of. The results of 2016 census. Tehran. Tehran Stat Cent Iran [Internet]. 2016; Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir/
  33. A M-T, A K, M J. A Survey of Domestic Violence in Married Women Referred to Forensic Medicine and Welfare Centers in Yazd in 2010. J Toloo-e-behdasht. 2012;11–24.
  34. Razaghi N, Ramezani M, Parvizi S, Nejad SMT. Domestic violence against women, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran: a grounded theory study [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/emhj/documents/in_press/domestic_violence_against_women_mashhad_islamic_republic_of_iran_a_grounded_theory-study.pdf?ua=1
  35. Amoakohene MI. Violence against women in Ghana: A look at women’s perceptions and review of policy and social responses. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2004;59(11):2373–85. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953604001637

 

فصلنامه زن و جامعه
دوره 14، شماره 53 - شماره پیاپی 53
اردیبهشت 1402
صفحه 145-162

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 27 آذر 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 28 دی 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 05 اردیبهشت 1402

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