Abstract—
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) also known as diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, with multiple genetic and environmental factors involving in its etiology. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is considered to have an important role in the development and progression of DKD. In this case-control study, we investigated the role of ACE T3892C (rs1800764) polymorphism in the development of DKD in Saudi Arabian population. We recruited 150 type 2 diabetic cases with DKD and 150 type 2 diabetic controls without DKD. The differences in age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin, albumin/creatinine ratio, serum urea and serum-creatinine between the two groups were analyzed. The genotyping of ACE T3892C polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated by direct counting. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were tested using the Chi-square (χ2) test in both of studied groups. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI were used to evaluate the relationship of ACE T3892C polymorphism with DKD susceptibility. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 21.0) software and Medcalc software (version 16.4.3). The frequency distribution of ACE T3892C polymorphism was found to be different between case and control groups significantly indicating ACE gene could play an important role in the pathogenesis of DKD in Saudi Arabian population.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Ahluwalia, T.S., Ahuja, M., Rai, T.S., Kohli, H.S., Sud, K., Bhansali, A., and Khullar, M., Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene haplotypes and diabetic nephropathy among Asian Indians, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2008, vol. 314, nos. 1–2, pp. 9–17.
Wang, F., Fang, Q., Yu, N., Zhao, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Zhou, X., Cao, X., and Fan, X., Association between genetic polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis comprising 26580 subjects, J. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst., 2012, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 161–174.
Ahluwalia, T.S., Ahuja, M., Rai, T.S., Kohli, H.S., Bhansali, A., Sud, K., and Khullar, M., ACE variants interact with the RAS pathway to confer risk and protection against type 2 diabetic nephropathy, DNA Cell Biol., 2009, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 141–150.
Bessa, S.S.E.D. and Hamdy, S.M., Impact of nitric oxide synthase Glu298Asp polymorphism on the development of end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients, Renal Failure, 2011, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 878–884.
Seaquist, E.R., Goetz, F.C., Rich, S., and Barbosa, J., Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 1989, vol. 320, no. 18, pp. 1161–1165.
Agius, E., Attard, G., Shakespeare, L., Clark, P., Vidya, M.A., Hattersley, A.T., and Fava, S., Familial factors in diabetic nephropathy: an offspring study, Diabetic Med., 2006, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 331–334.
Couser, W.G., Remuzzi, G., Mendis, S., and Tonelli, M., The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases, Kidney Int., 2011, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 1258–1270.
Al-Rubeaan, K., Al-Manaa, H., Khoja, T., Ahmad, N., Al-Sharqawi, A., Siddiqui, K., AlNaqeb, D., Aburi-sheh, K., Youssef, A., and Al Ghamdia, A., The Saudi abnormal glucose metabolism and diabetes impact study (SAUDI-DM), Ann. Saudi Med., 2014, vol. 34, no. 6, p. 465.
Akbar, D.H., Mira, S.A., Zawawi, T.H., and Malibary, H.M., Subclinical diabetic neuropathy: a common complication in Saudi diabetics., Saudi Med. J., 2000, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 433–437.
Alwakeel, J.S., Al-Suwaida, A., Isnani, A.C., Al-Harbi, A., and Alam, A., Concomitant macro and microvascular complications in diabetic nephropathy, Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant., 2009, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 402.
Jiang, Z.S., Jia, H.X., Xing, W.J., Han, C.D., Wang, J., Zhang, Z.J., and Qu, W., Investigation of several biomarkers associated with diabetic nephropathy, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2015, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 1–6.
Wu, H., Kong, L., Zhou, S., Cui, W., Xu, F., Luo, M., Li, X., Tan, Y., and Miao, L., The role of microRNAs in diabetic nephropathy, J. Diabetes Res., 2014, vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 12–13.
Ma, J., Chadban, S.J., Zhao, C.Y., Chen, X., Kwan, T., Panchapakesan, U., Pollock, C.A., and Wu, H., TLR4 activation promotes podocyte injury and interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy, PLoS One, 2014, vol. 9, no. 5. e97985.
Zhou, Y., Lv, C., Wu, C., Chen, F., Shao, Y., and Wang, Q., Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 2 attenuates renal lesions in rats with diabetic nephropathy, Acta Histochem., 2014, vol. 116, no. 5, pp. 981–988.
Huo, P., Zhang, D., Guan, X., Mei, Y., Zheng, H., and Feng, X., Association between genetic polymorphisms of ACE & eNOS and diabetic nephropathy, Mol. Biol. Rep., 2015, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 27–33.
Hu, J., Fan, X., Meng, X., Wang, Y., Liang, Q., and Luo, G., Evidence for the involvement of JAK/STAT/ SOCS pathway in the mechanism of Tangshen formula-treated diabetic nephropathy, Planta Med., 2014, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 614–621.
Rahimi, Z., ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy, J. Nephropathol., 2012, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 143.
Masuyer, G., Yates, C.J., Sturrock, E.D., and Acharya, K.R., Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE): structure, biological roles, and molecular basis for chloride ion dependence, Biol. Chem., 2014, vol. 395, no. 10, pp. 1135–1149.
Wei, L.K., Menon, S., Griffiths, L.R., and Gan, S.H., Signaling pathway genes for blood pressure, folate and cholesterol levels among hypertensives: an epistasis analysis, J. Hum. Hypertens., 2015, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 99.
Bernstein, K.E., Giani, J.F., Shen, X.Z., and Gonzalez-Villalobos, R.A., Renal angiotensin-converting enzyme and blood pressure control, Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 2014, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 106.
Yates, C.J., Masuyer, G., Schwager, S.L., Akif, M., Sturrock, E.D., and Acharya, K.R., Molecular and thermodynamic mechanisms of the chloride-dependent human angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE), J. Biol. Chem., 2014, vol. 289, no. 3, pp. 1798–1814.
Jeffers, B.W., Estacio, R.O., Raynolds, M.V., and Schrier, R.W., Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and its relationship with diabetic nephropathy, Kidney Int., 1997, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 473–477.
Movva, S., Alluri, R.V., Komandur, S., Vattam, K., Eppa, K., Mukkavali, K.K., Mubigonda, S., Saharia, S., Shastry, J.C., and Hasan, Q., Relationship of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism with nephropathy associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian Indians, J. Diabetes Complications, 2007, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 237–241.
Ma, H., Yu, C., and Wang, R., Association of ACE polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy susceptibility, Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2015, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 2962.
Gong, A.M., Li, X.Y., Wang, Y.Q., Yan, H.X., Xu, Z.X., Feng, Z., Xie, Y.Q., Yin, D.H., and Yang, S.Z., Association study of ACE polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus in Northern Chinese Han population, Mol. Biol. Rep., 2012, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 9485–9491.
Li, X., An J., Guo R., Jin Z., Li Y., Zhao Y., Lu F., Lian H., Liu P., and Jin X. Association of the genetic polymorphisms of the ACE gene and the eNOS gene with lupus nephropathy in northern Chinese population, BMC Med. Genet., 2010, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 94.
Al-Harbi, E.M., Farid, E.M., Gumaa, K.A., Masuadi, E.M., and Singh, J., Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and T2DM in a case–control association study of the Bahraini population, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2011, vol. 350, no. 1, pp. 119–125.
Ezzidi, I., Mtiraoui, N., Kacem, M., Chaieb, M., Mahjoub, T., and Almawi, W.Y., Identification of specific angiotensin-converting enzyme variants and haplotypes that confer risk and protection against type 2 diabetic nephropathy, Diabetes/Metab. Res. Rev., 2009, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 717–724.
Rebai, M., Kharrat, N., Ayadi, I., and Rebai, A., Haplotype structure of five SNPs within the ACE gene in the Tunisian population, Ann. Hum. Biol., 2006, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 319–329.
Boright, A.P., Paterson, A.D., Mirea, L., Bull, S.B., Mowjoodi, A., Scherer, S.W., and Zinman, B., Genetic variation at the ACE gene is associated with persistent microalbuminuria and severe nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC Genetics Study, Diabetes, 2005, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1238–1244.
Kharrat, N., Abdelmouleh, W., Abdelhedi, R., AlFadhli, S., and Rebai, A., The linkage disequilibrium pattern of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme gene in Arabic and Asian population groups, Ann. Hum. Biol., 2012, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 538–540.
Al-Rubeaan, K., Siddiqui, K., Saeb, A.T., Nazir, N., Al-Naqeb, D., and Al-Qasim, S., ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms are significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in Arab ethnicity: a meta-analysis, Gene, 2013, vol. 520, no. 2, pp. 166–177.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes, Diabetes Care, 2014, vol. 37, no. 114–180.
Lee, S.Y. and Choi, M.E., Urinary biomarkers for early diabetic nephropathy: beyond albuminuria, Pediatr. Nephrol., 2015, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1063–1075.
Currie, G., McKay, G., and Delles, C., Biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy: present and future, World J. Diabetes, 2014, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 763.
Glassock, R.J., Is the presence of microalbuminuria a relevant marker of kidney disease?, Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 2010, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 364–368.
Al-Rubeaan, K., Siddiqui, K., Al-Ghonaim, M.A., Youssef, A.M., Al-Sharqawi, A.H., and AlNaqeb, D., Assessment of the diagnostic value of different biomarkers in relation to various stages of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients, Sci. Rep., 2017, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 2684.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Khalid Siddiqui and Mr. Shaik Sarfaraz Nawaz, Department of Biochemistry, Strategic Center for Diabetes Research for their kind help in biochemical data analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Statement of compliance with standards of research involving humans as subjects. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The research protocol was approved by the institutional review board, College of Medicine, King Saud University. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study.
About this article
Cite this article
Mohthash Musambil, Al-Rubeaan, K., Sufayran, A. et al. Association of the ACE (rs1800764) Polymorphism with Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Saudi Arabian Population: A Pilot Study using the PCR-RFLP Method. Cytol. Genet. 53, 502–509 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452719060069
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452719060069