Incorporating Nigella sativa nanoemulsion into gelatin-guar gum films for enhanced healing of wound infections

Neslihan Mutlu

doi:10.32322/jhsm.1419346

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Incorporating Nigella sativa nanoemulsion into gelatin-guar gum films for enhanced healing of wound infections

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 146 - 152, 25.03.2024

Neslihan Mutlu

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1419346

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to investigate the impact of incorporating Nigella sativa essential oil nanoemulsion (NSNE) into gelatin (Ge) and guar gum (GG)-based films at various concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) and to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the resulting films against common bacterial strains associated with wound infections.
Methods: The nanoemulsion (NE) was obtained through ultrasonic irradiation. Polydispersity index, zeta potential, and particle size of NE were measured. For film preparation, gelatin (Ge) and guar gum (GG) were used, incorporating NSNE at concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. Mechanical properties were evaluated using an universal testing machine, film thickness with a micrometer, and crystalline structure through XRD analysis. SEM was utilized for microstructure examination, and hydrophobicity was assessed by contact angle measurements. Antimicrobial activity was determined via the disk diffusion method against bacteria relevant to wound infections. Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests with a significance level set at 5%.
Results: The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the nanoemulsion were measured as 296±4.85 nm, 0.569±0.2, and -35.2±07 mV, respectively. The incorporation of NSNE into GE-GG-based films demonstrated promising antimicrobial efficacy against common wound infection bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The films maintained mechanical integrity, with no significant alterations in tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) (p  0.05). However, higher NSNE concentrations led to decreased hydrophobicity (p < 0.05) and structural changes, as evidenced by increased pores and cracks observed in SEM images.
Conclusion: This study highlight the potential of NSNE-containing films for wound healing applications, combining antimicrobial properties with a biocompatible film matrix.

Keywords

Biomedical applications, wound infection, nanoemulsion, antimicrobial

Thanks

The author thanks to the staff of Bursa Technical University Central Laboratory (MERLAB) for their support in analysis and equipment.

References

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2. Demaria M, Stanley B, Hauptman J, et al. Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on healing of open wounds in dogs. Vet Surg. 2011;40(6):658-669.
3. Abu-Harirah H, Qudah A, Daabes E, Amawi K, Qaralleh H. Multidrug-resistant bacterial profile and patterns for wound infections in nongovernmental hospitals of Jordan. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2021;15(3):1348-1361.
4. Sun Y, Ogawa R, Xiao B, et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in skin wound healing: a systematic review of animal studies. Int Wound J. 2019;17(2):285-299.
5. Tran P, Hamood A, Souza A, et al. A study on the ability of quaternary ammonium groups attached to a polyurethane foam wound dressing to inhibit bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Wound Repair Regen. 2015;23(1):74-81.
6. Thet N, Alves D, Bean J, et al. Prototype development of the intelligent hydrogel wound dressing and its efficacy in the detection of model pathogenic wound biofilms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;8(24):14909-14919.
7. Stoica A, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM. Nanomaterials for wound dressings: an up-to-date overview. Molecules. 2020;25(11):2699.
8. Nilforoushzadeh M, Amiri A, Shaghaghi B, et al. Characterization of an enzyme-catalyzed crosslinkable hydrogel as a wound dressing in skin tissue engineering. J Laser Med Sci. 2021;12(1):e77.
9. Stubbe B, Mignon A, Declercq H, Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Development of gelatin‐alginate hydrogels for burn wound treatment. Macromol Biosci. 2019;19(8):1900123.
10. Mudgil D, Barak S, Khatkar B. Guar gum: processing, properties and food applications—a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2011;51(3):409-418.
11. Alves-Silva J, Cocco E, Piras A, et al. Unveiling the chemical composition and biological properties of Salvia cacaliifolia benth. essential oil. Plants. 2023;12(2):359.
12. Özdemir S, Bostanabad S, Parmaksız A, Canatan H. Combination of St. John’s wort oil and neem oil in pharmaceuticals: an effective treatment option for pressure ulcers in intensive care units. Medicina. 2023;59(3):467.
13. Andjic M, Božin B, Draginic N, et al. Formulation and evaluation of Helichrysum italicum essential oil-based topical formulations for wound healing in diabetic rats. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(8):813.
14. Sandhya A, Gomathi K. Pharmacological, bioactive screening of medicinal plant nigella sativa and the derived compound thymoquinone: an invitro study. Int J Pharm Sci. 2020;11(2):2458-2465.
15. Mekky A. Study of phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. and Matricaria chamomilla L. Al-Azhar J Agric Res. 2022;47(2):38-51.
16. Zakaria M, Putri Y, Rahaju A, Fatmawati S, Cahyanto A. Inhibitory effect of calcium hydroxide combined with Nigella sativa against Enterococcus faecalis. Maj Kedokter Gigi. 2021;54(4):181-185.
17. Sanni O, Lakemond C, Benjamin O. Flavor release and stability comparison between nano and conventional emulsion as influenced by saliva. J Food Sci Technol. 2022;59(11):4530-4541.
18. Moreno-Trejo M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Suárez-Jacobo Á, Sanchez-Dominguez M. Development of nano-emulsions of essential citrus oil stabilized with mesquite gum. Seng Koh K, Loong Wong V, eds. Nanoemulsions-Properties, Fabrications and Applications. IntechOpen: 2019:45-64.
19. Sneha K, Kumar A. Nanoemulsions: techniques for the preparation and the recent advances in their food applications. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2022;76:102914.
20. McClements D. Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance. Soft Matter. 2011;7(6):2297-2316.
21. Weerapol Y, Manmuan S, Chaothanaphat N, et al. Impact of fixed oil on ostwald ripening of anti-oral cancer nanoemulsions loaded with Amomum kravanh essential oil. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(5):938.
22. Zhang Y, Shang Z, Gao C,.et al. Nanoemulsion for solubilization, stabilization, and in vitro release of pterostilbene for oral delivery. AAPS Pharmscitech. 2014;15(4):1000-1008.
23. Espino-Manzano S, León-López A, Aguirre‐Álvarez G, Prince L, Campos-Montiel R. Application of nanoemulsions (w/o) of extract of Opuntia oligacantha CF Först and orange oil in gelatine films. Molecules. 2020;25(15):3487.
24. Mauck S, Wang S, Ding W, et al. Biorenewable tough blends of polylactide and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil compatibilized by a polylactide star polymer. Macromolecules. 2016;49(5):1605-1615.
25. Robertson M, Paxton J, Hillmyer M. Tough blends of polylactide and castor oil. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011;3(9):3402-3410.
26. Silva N, Farias F, Freitas M, et al. Artificial intelligence application for classification and selection of fish gelatin packaging film produced with incorporation of palm oil and plant essential oils. Food Packag Shelf Life. 2021;27:100611.
27. Arrieta M, López J, Bou S, Peltzer M. Characterization of pla-limonene blends for food packaging applications. Polym Test. 2013;32(4):760-768.
28. Shojaee‐Aliabadi S, Hosseini H, Mohammadifar M, et al. Characterization of antioxidant-antimicrobial κ-carrageenan films containing Satureja hortensis essential oil. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013;52:116-124.
29. Saranti T, Melo P, Cerqueira M, Aouada F, Moura M. Performance of gelatin films reinforced with Cloisite Na+ and black pepper essential oil loaded nanoemulsion. Polymers. 2021;13(24):4298.
30. Valenzuela C, Abugoch L, Tapia C. Quinoa protein–chitosan–sunflower oil edible film: mechanical, barrier and structural properties. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2013;50(2):531-537.
31. Acevedo-Fani A, Salvia‐Trujillo L, Rojas‐Graü M, Martı́n-Belloso O. Edible films from essential-oil-loaded nanoemulsions: physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial properties. Food Hydrocoll. 2015;47:168-177.
32. Morilla‐Herrera J, Morales-Asencio J, Gómez‐González A, et al. Effectiveness of a hydrophobic dressing for microorganisms’ colonization of vascular ulcers: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (CUCO‐UV study). J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(8):2191-2197.
33. Agudelo‐Cuartas C, Granda-Restrepo D, Sobral P, Hernández H, Castro W. Characterization of whey protein-based films incorporated with natamycin and nanoemulsion of α-tocopherol. Heliyon. 2020;6(4):e03809.
34. Acharya DR, Liu S, Lu H, Albashir D, Koirala P, Shi Y, et al. Nanoemulsion-integrated gelatin/bacterial cellulose nanofibril-based multifunctional film: fabrication, characterization, and application. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;257(1):128341.
35. Mutlu N. Effects of grape seed oil nanoemulsion on physicochemical and antibacterial properties of gelatin‑sodium alginate film blends. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;237:124207.
36. Iqbal N, Rehman A, Zaidi S, Khan K, Farooq L, Mehmood H. Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of fenugreek seed extract rinse and Nigella sativa seed extract rinse against streptococcus mutant colonies. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;33(50B):79-86.
37. Chaieb K, Kouidhi B, Jrah H, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A. Antibacterial activity of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa and its potency to prevent bacterial biofilm formation. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;11(1):29.
38. Rahat I, Sharma S. A novel antibacterial topical gel from Nigella sativa and Achyranthes aspera against acne causing microorganisms. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;32(41):57-63.

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 146 - 152, 25.03.2024

Neslihan Mutlu

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1419346

Abstract

References

1. Pang C, Ibrahim A, Bulstrode N, Ferretti P. An overview of the therapeutic potential of regenerative medicine in cutaneous wound healing. Int Wound J. 2017;14(3):450-459.
2. Demaria M, Stanley B, Hauptman J, et al. Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on healing of open wounds in dogs. Vet Surg. 2011;40(6):658-669.
3. Abu-Harirah H, Qudah A, Daabes E, Amawi K, Qaralleh H. Multidrug-resistant bacterial profile and patterns for wound infections in nongovernmental hospitals of Jordan. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2021;15(3):1348-1361.
4. Sun Y, Ogawa R, Xiao B, et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in skin wound healing: a systematic review of animal studies. Int Wound J. 2019;17(2):285-299.
5. Tran P, Hamood A, Souza A, et al. A study on the ability of quaternary ammonium groups attached to a polyurethane foam wound dressing to inhibit bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Wound Repair Regen. 2015;23(1):74-81.
6. Thet N, Alves D, Bean J, et al. Prototype development of the intelligent hydrogel wound dressing and its efficacy in the detection of model pathogenic wound biofilms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;8(24):14909-14919.
7. Stoica A, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM. Nanomaterials for wound dressings: an up-to-date overview. Molecules. 2020;25(11):2699.
8. Nilforoushzadeh M, Amiri A, Shaghaghi B, et al. Characterization of an enzyme-catalyzed crosslinkable hydrogel as a wound dressing in skin tissue engineering. J Laser Med Sci. 2021;12(1):e77.
9. Stubbe B, Mignon A, Declercq H, Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Development of gelatin‐alginate hydrogels for burn wound treatment. Macromol Biosci. 2019;19(8):1900123.
10. Mudgil D, Barak S, Khatkar B. Guar gum: processing, properties and food applications—a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2011;51(3):409-418.
11. Alves-Silva J, Cocco E, Piras A, et al. Unveiling the chemical composition and biological properties of Salvia cacaliifolia benth. essential oil. Plants. 2023;12(2):359.
12. Özdemir S, Bostanabad S, Parmaksız A, Canatan H. Combination of St. John’s wort oil and neem oil in pharmaceuticals: an effective treatment option for pressure ulcers in intensive care units. Medicina. 2023;59(3):467.
13. Andjic M, Božin B, Draginic N, et al. Formulation and evaluation of Helichrysum italicum essential oil-based topical formulations for wound healing in diabetic rats. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(8):813.
14. Sandhya A, Gomathi K. Pharmacological, bioactive screening of medicinal plant nigella sativa and the derived compound thymoquinone: an invitro study. Int J Pharm Sci. 2020;11(2):2458-2465.
15. Mekky A. Study of phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. and Matricaria chamomilla L. Al-Azhar J Agric Res. 2022;47(2):38-51.
16. Zakaria M, Putri Y, Rahaju A, Fatmawati S, Cahyanto A. Inhibitory effect of calcium hydroxide combined with Nigella sativa against Enterococcus faecalis. Maj Kedokter Gigi. 2021;54(4):181-185.
17. Sanni O, Lakemond C, Benjamin O. Flavor release and stability comparison between nano and conventional emulsion as influenced by saliva. J Food Sci Technol. 2022;59(11):4530-4541.
18. Moreno-Trejo M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Suárez-Jacobo Á, Sanchez-Dominguez M. Development of nano-emulsions of essential citrus oil stabilized with mesquite gum. Seng Koh K, Loong Wong V, eds. Nanoemulsions-Properties, Fabrications and Applications. IntechOpen: 2019:45-64.
19. Sneha K, Kumar A. Nanoemulsions: techniques for the preparation and the recent advances in their food applications. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2022;76:102914.
20. McClements D. Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance. Soft Matter. 2011;7(6):2297-2316.
21. Weerapol Y, Manmuan S, Chaothanaphat N, et al. Impact of fixed oil on ostwald ripening of anti-oral cancer nanoemulsions loaded with Amomum kravanh essential oil. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(5):938.
22. Zhang Y, Shang Z, Gao C,.et al. Nanoemulsion for solubilization, stabilization, and in vitro release of pterostilbene for oral delivery. AAPS Pharmscitech. 2014;15(4):1000-1008.
23. Espino-Manzano S, León-López A, Aguirre‐Álvarez G, Prince L, Campos-Montiel R. Application of nanoemulsions (w/o) of extract of Opuntia oligacantha CF Först and orange oil in gelatine films. Molecules. 2020;25(15):3487.
24. Mauck S, Wang S, Ding W, et al. Biorenewable tough blends of polylactide and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil compatibilized by a polylactide star polymer. Macromolecules. 2016;49(5):1605-1615.
25. Robertson M, Paxton J, Hillmyer M. Tough blends of polylactide and castor oil. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011;3(9):3402-3410.
26. Silva N, Farias F, Freitas M, et al. Artificial intelligence application for classification and selection of fish gelatin packaging film produced with incorporation of palm oil and plant essential oils. Food Packag Shelf Life. 2021;27:100611.
27. Arrieta M, López J, Bou S, Peltzer M. Characterization of pla-limonene blends for food packaging applications. Polym Test. 2013;32(4):760-768.
28. Shojaee‐Aliabadi S, Hosseini H, Mohammadifar M, et al. Characterization of antioxidant-antimicrobial κ-carrageenan films containing Satureja hortensis essential oil. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013;52:116-124.
29. Saranti T, Melo P, Cerqueira M, Aouada F, Moura M. Performance of gelatin films reinforced with Cloisite Na+ and black pepper essential oil loaded nanoemulsion. Polymers. 2021;13(24):4298.
30. Valenzuela C, Abugoch L, Tapia C. Quinoa protein–chitosan–sunflower oil edible film: mechanical, barrier and structural properties. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2013;50(2):531-537.
31. Acevedo-Fani A, Salvia‐Trujillo L, Rojas‐Graü M, Martı́n-Belloso O. Edible films from essential-oil-loaded nanoemulsions: physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial properties. Food Hydrocoll. 2015;47:168-177.
32. Morilla‐Herrera J, Morales-Asencio J, Gómez‐González A, et al. Effectiveness of a hydrophobic dressing for microorganisms’ colonization of vascular ulcers: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (CUCO‐UV study). J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(8):2191-2197.
33. Agudelo‐Cuartas C, Granda-Restrepo D, Sobral P, Hernández H, Castro W. Characterization of whey protein-based films incorporated with natamycin and nanoemulsion of α-tocopherol. Heliyon. 2020;6(4):e03809.
34. Acharya DR, Liu S, Lu H, Albashir D, Koirala P, Shi Y, et al. Nanoemulsion-integrated gelatin/bacterial cellulose nanofibril-based multifunctional film: fabrication, characterization, and application. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;257(1):128341.
35. Mutlu N. Effects of grape seed oil nanoemulsion on physicochemical and antibacterial properties of gelatin‑sodium alginate film blends. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;237:124207.
36. Iqbal N, Rehman A, Zaidi S, Khan K, Farooq L, Mehmood H. Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of fenugreek seed extract rinse and Nigella sativa seed extract rinse against streptococcus mutant colonies. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;33(50B):79-86.
37. Chaieb K, Kouidhi B, Jrah H, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A. Antibacterial activity of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa and its potency to prevent bacterial biofilm formation. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;11(1):29.
38. Rahat I, Sharma S. A novel antibacterial topical gel from Nigella sativa and Achyranthes aspera against acne causing microorganisms. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;32(41):57-63.

There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering
Journal Section	Original Article
Authors	Neslihan Mutlu 0000-0002-1339-3267
Publication Date	March 25, 2024
Submission Date	January 13, 2024
Acceptance Date	February 1, 2024
Published in Issue	Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA	Mutlu N. Incorporating Nigella sativa nanoemulsion into gelatin-guar gum films for enhanced healing of wound infections. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. March 2024;7(2):146-152. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1419346

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