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Article

High-Order Resonant Peaks and Polarization Dependence of Microphotoluminescence in Whispering-Gallery Mode ZnO Microrod Cavity

by
Jiatian Guo
†,
Huihui Wei
†,
Jingyi Song
,
Yunhui Guo
and
Xiaobo Yuan
*
School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250038, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this paper.
Crystals 2021, 11(7), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070824
Submission received: 31 May 2021 / Revised: 12 July 2021 / Accepted: 13 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
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Abstract

:
High order phenomena in the visible range and with polarization dependence in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the microphotoluminescence (micro-PL) spectrum in whispering-gallery mode (WGM) ZnO microrod cavity have been thoroughly studied at room temperature. WGM ZnO microrod cavity with good crystallinity is produced by the CVD growth method, and the ZnO microrod structures are characterized by structural and optical methods. Through the micro-PL spectrum measurement of the ZnO microrod, it is found that high-order resonance peaks appeared in the visible region. The different polarization conditions can be adjusted by rotating the angles of the polarizer, and it is proved that the micro-PL spectrum has strong polarization-dependent behavior in the UV region. Our results imply broad application potentials in the study of ZnO microrod-based photonic cavity devices.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

As an ideal semiconductor material, Zinc oxide (ZnO) has a wide direct band gap and strong exciton binding energy, so the study of its optical properties has aroused great interest [1,2,3,4]. ZnO single crystal micro/nanostructure has shown great potential both in basic research and for practical applications in the fields of photoelectric and nanophotonic devices [5,6]. In addition, the micro/nanostructure of ZnO can also be used as a natural hexagonal whisper gallery mode (WGM) cavity. The WGM microcavity can achieve optical resonance through total internal reflection at the hexagonal boundary [7,8,9]. The ZnO WGM microcavity has become a research hotspot because it has a better laser mode, higher quality factor and lower laser threshold than other microcavities [7,10].
It is well known that microphotoluminescence (micro-PL) is a powerful imaging technique for studying exciton transition behavior. The room temperature micro-PL spectrum of the ZnO single crystal has been studied by many researchers from various aspects [4,11,12,13,14]. It is found that the typical ZnO luminescence is mainly concentrated on two bands: one is the UV region (shorter than 400 nm), and the other is the visible region (mainly concentrated in region of 500–700 nm) [15,16]. Excellent luminescence properties appear both in the UV region and the visible region; therefore, ZnO has superior prospects for the research of UV or visible photon nanodevices [17,18]. Previous research on the optical properties of WGM microcavities mainly focused on changing the laser pump power density [19,20] or increasing the luminous intensity in the visible region [21] (so high quality factor (Q) and lower lasing threshold optical microcavities can be achieved), and the resonance peaks in the UV region induced by the Rabi splitting have also been studied [22,23]. However, there is still a lack of detailed investigations about the dependence of the resonance peaks on the polarization angle in the UV region.
The optical characteristics of a ZnO WGM microrod cavity grown on SiO2 substrate by the chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) at atmosphere pressure are investigated in this paper. It shows that the obtained ZnO microrod can act as a WGM resonator, in which WGM optical characterization is observed in the visible and UV range of the micro-PL spectrum. The WGM microcavity ZnO microrods exhibit high order characteristics in the visible region of the micro-PL spectrum. Due to the resonant coupling of excitons and WGM cavity modes, a new coupling system is formed in the UV region. By adjusting the polarization angle, it is found that the new composite coupling system has a strong dependence on the polarization. Our work reveals the high order phenomena and polarization dependence of micro-PL in WGM ZnO microrod cavities, which implies wide application potential in the study of ZnO microrod-based UV lasers, high-sensitivity detectors and optoelectronic devices.

2. Materials and Methods

ZnO microrods were grown on SiO2 substrates by the CVD method. ZnO microrods are prepared by ZnO powder and carbon powder at 1000 °C in Argon for 10 min, and the flow rate of argon is controlled to 110 sccm. The SiO2 substrate is placed 51.5 cm away from the furnace mouth, the substrate is about 5 cm away from the source powder, and the temperature at the substrate is about 700 °C A carrier gas is necessary, because the vapor pressures of O and Zn are both lower than that of ZnO at these temperatures. Reaction boats are placed in a horizontal quartz furnace tube [24].

3. Results and Discussion

As shown in Figure 1a, the sample morphologies and the size of the hexagonal ZnO microrod were observed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, ZEISS Sigma 500, ZEISS, Germany). We found that the ZnO microrod had lengths of ~10 μm with a uniform diameter of ~3 μm. The SEM image in Figure 1b shows that the ZnO microrod had good crystallinity with a regular hexagonal cross section and a smooth surface. Thus, the total reflection effect occurred at the interface between the ZnO material and the air, which can confine the light in the WGM resonator. Previous studies reported that the energy difference between the cavity modes and the excitons can be controlled by modulating the radius of the ZnO microrod, so that the energy and the resonance order of the WGM mode can be tuned [25]. Figure 1c shows the light path diagram in the hexagonal cross section of ZnO microrod. A ZnO microrod was selected to measure its micro-PL spectrum by confocal micro-PL systems (UHTS 300 SMFC VIS, WITec, Germany, and JY-Horiba LabRam HR800 UV, HORIBA Jobin Yvon, France) equipped with a continuous wave He-Cd laser at 488 nm and 325 nm as excitation source. The diameter of the laser spot focused on the sample was less than submicron, and the scanning step along the ZnO microrod surface is measured from a microscale down to ~4 μm2, a focal length of 550 and a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD as the detector. The sample and objective could be moved independently in the x-y and x-y-z directions, respectively. All measurements experiments were recorded at room temperature.
Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) (Figure 2b–d) is an effective technique for the elemental analysis of materials. The energy spectrum of the prepared ZnO microrod structure was tested to analyze the main components of the ZnO microrod and the substrate. Through the test pattern, it was found that there were two elements present, O and Zn, and they were evenly distributed on the surface of the ZnO microrods, which proves that the prepared ZnO microrods have very good expected composition without introducing other impurities. Every dot corresponds to a specific element (Zn, O) marked by a designated color which also indicates that the microstructure of the microrods is uniform. The elemental quantitative analysis of the EDS spectroscopy showed that the atom ratio of O and Zn is almost 1:1, as seen in Figure 2d, which further confirms that there are no dopants in the ZnO microrods. The results of the EDS and SEM experiments show that regular ZnO WGM microcavities without other impurities can be formed under the above experimental conditions.
Visible region generation is ordinarily complicated owing to the multiple transition contributions and the existence of the multiple emissions [26,27,28,29]. In addition, the crystal morphology of ZnO microrods has a significant effect on the micro-PL spectrum [27,30,31,32]. In order to measure the properties of the resonant peaks in the visible region in detail, we used a 488 nm laser to perform a step-by-step micro-PL spectrum measurement on different positions of the ZnO microrod. Figure 3a shows the visible region micro-PL spectrum from 488 nm–525 nm at different positions of the horizontal ZnO WGM microcavity: it can be observed that there are continuous high-order peaks at 497 nm, 498 nm and 500 nm (A, B, C in Figure 3a, respectively). The peak intensity is strongest when the measured point is in the middle. Since ZnO microrods can form a perfect WGM microcavity, it is necessary to discuss the effects of different orientations on the high-order resonant peaks in ZnO microrods. Figure 3b shows the same visible region micro-PL spectrum at different positions of the vertical ZnO WGM microcavity; the high-order peaks are also observed at the different positions. Due to the symmetry, curve 1 and curve 3 are, in principle, the same. Here, the peak intensity of the curve 1 is weaker than that of the curve 3—this is because that the laser spot position of curve 1 is at the extreme edge of ZnO, so in this case only a small part of the excitation light enters the ZnO microrod. The resonance peak positions match with the theoretical mode very well [33,34]. At the same time, it can be shown that A, B and C are the high order peaks generated by WGM resonance, rather than the pure defect peaks [8].
The excitation light with a wavelength of 325 nm was used to obtain the micro-PL spectrum in the UV region at the incident light path, and two resonant peaks appeared at 378 nm and 388 nm. In order to study the dependence of the properties of these two peaks on the polarization angle, the micro-PL spectrum was measured for each position of ZnO WGM with the polarization angles changes from 0°–90°. When the crystal axis of the polarizer is parallel to the c-axis of the ZnO microrod, it is 0°. In order to the comprise the intensities of the two resonance peaks in the UV region with the polarization angles, five angles of 0°, 23°, 45°, 68° and 90° were selected for analysis. The spatial positions also affect the WGM cavity mode, so three different positions were selected to compare and explore the polarization-dependent behavior of ZnO WGM. The absolute intensity and the normalized relative intensity of the measured micro-PL spectrum were also compared. Figure 4a–c show the optical images of the laser spots on the left, middle and right edges of the ZnO WGM. From Figure 4d–f, it is found that the intensity of the two peaks is decreased with the increase in the angles for the three different positions, while the decrease in intensity for the peak at 378 nm is more pronounced. The micro-PL spectrum shows that the two WGM resonance peaks have a wide full width at half maximum (FWHM, as shown in Table 1). When the polarization angle is 0°, the FWHM of the peak at 388 nm is about 13.6 nm, and it is about 7.4 nm for the peak at 378 nm. With the increase in the polarization angle, blue shift of the two resonance peaks appears in the UV region, and the intensities of the two resonance peaks decrease; on the other hand, the FWHM of the peak increases at 388 nm, while it decreases at 378 nm.
After normalization, it was found that the intensity of the peak at 378 nm decreases as the polarization angle increases, and the phenomenon of blue shift occurs, as shown in Figure 4g–i. These results indicate that the intensity changes of the two peaks have a strong dependence on the polarization, and the peak at the 378 nm has the greatest dependence. As mentioned in previous reports, the generation of resonance peaks in the UV region is mainly due to the selective transition rule of A exciton, B exciton and C exciton; A exciton has polarization properties, so the fluorescence intensity of TE polarization is higher than that of TM polarization, and the transition selectivity rule determines that A exciton is a complete TE polarization, B exciton has a certain transition probability under TE and TM polarization, while C exciton is mainly TM polarization [18,19,25,32]. According to the experimental results, the 0° polarization angle corresponds to the TE polarized light: in this case the light collected by the WGM microcavity is the light of the A and B exciton transitions, which exhibits strong intensity. When angles change, the collected light is mainly the light of the C exciton transition, i.e., mainly TM polarized light is collected, and all TE polarized light is filtered out, so the two peaks intensity are weak. Especially, the relative intensity of the peak at 378 nm attenuates more significantly. On the other hand, the micro-PL peak blueshift from 378 nm to 375 nm can be found by comparing the micro-PL spectra in Figure 4d, and the blueshift is gradually formed owing to the exciton polarization. As the polarization angle increases, the light that mainly collects the A and B exciton transitions is changed to the light that mainly transitions from the C exciton [25,35]. Given the above, the C exciton corresponds to the shortest transition wavelength and the highest energy. Therefore, a gradual blue shift from the low energy side to the high energy side appears in the ZnO WGM.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we reported the high order phenomenon in the visible range and the polarization-dependent behavior in the UV region of the micro-PL spectrum in ZnO WGM, which was prepared by CVD method. The obtained results demonstrate the micro-PL has strong dependence on the polarization in the UV region. In the UV region, the polarization mainly affects the transition effects of the excitons, so the distribution of the polarized light modes can be observed. However, the polarization mainly affects the excitation intensity in the UV region. With the increase in the polarization angle, the intensities of the two resonance peaks in the UV region are weakened, which is caused by the selective transition of excitons. At the same time, we proved that the TE polarization mode is dominant in the two resonance peaks in the UV region. Additionally, with the increase in the polarization angle, blue shift appears for the resonant peak at 378 nm. The results show that the WGM ZnO microrod cavity may provide favorable conditions for the progress of novel polarized devices.

Author Contributions

Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—review and editing, J.G.; Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—original draft, H.W.; Resources, Software J.S., Y.G.; Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing—review and editing, X.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No. ZR2018MA042).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 11 00824 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) SEM image of the prepared hexagonal ZnO microrod. (b) End face of ZnO microrod. (c) The schematic of hexagonal cross section of ZnO microrod supporting WGM resonances.
Figure 1. (a) SEM image of the prepared hexagonal ZnO microrod. (b) End face of ZnO microrod. (c) The schematic of hexagonal cross section of ZnO microrod supporting WGM resonances.
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Figure 2. EDS spectroscopy-based elemental analysis of ZnO microrods. (a) SEM image of the selected hexagonal ZnO microrod. (b,c) EDS mapping. (d) EDS quantitative analysis.
Figure 2. EDS spectroscopy-based elemental analysis of ZnO microrods. (a) SEM image of the selected hexagonal ZnO microrod. (b,c) EDS mapping. (d) EDS quantitative analysis.
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Crystals 11 00824 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) The PL spectra at different positions of ZnO WGM microcavity were placed vertically, the WGM mode in the visible region is marked with the azimuthal mode number m. Solid hexagon symbol represents the numerical simulation values; (b) PL spectra at different positions of ZnO WGM microcavity were placed horizontally.
Figure 3. (a) The PL spectra at different positions of ZnO WGM microcavity were placed vertically, the WGM mode in the visible region is marked with the azimuthal mode number m. Solid hexagon symbol represents the numerical simulation values; (b) PL spectra at different positions of ZnO WGM microcavity were placed horizontally.
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Figure 4. Polarization dependence of ZnO WGM on the different positions with different polarization angles. (a) Left edge position, (b) middle position, (c) right edge position. (d–f) and (g–i) are the polarization dependence of the ZnO WGM under the absolute intensity and the normalized intensity, respectively. For the PL spectrum in the UV region at each polarization angle, the maximum intensity is normalized to clearly show the polarization dependence.
Figure 4. Polarization dependence of ZnO WGM on the different positions with different polarization angles. (a) Left edge position, (b) middle position, (c) right edge position. (d–f) and (g–i) are the polarization dependence of the ZnO WGM under the absolute intensity and the normalized intensity, respectively. For the PL spectrum in the UV region at each polarization angle, the maximum intensity is normalized to clearly show the polarization dependence.
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Table
Table 1. The peak intensity and FWHM corresponding to the peak position at different polarization angles.
Table 1. The peak intensity and FWHM corresponding to the peak position at different polarization angles.
Polarization AnglePosition (nm)Intensity (a.u.)FWHM
0°378.213,153.67.4
0°388.516,630.513.6
23°378.19803.17.2
23°388.413,977.213.8
45°377.86311.75.8
45°388.311,744.214.8
68°377.11857.25.6
68°388.28545.415.2
90°375.51740.45.2
90°388.17744.515.6
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Guo, J.; Wei, H.; Song, J.; Guo, Y.; Yuan, X. High-Order Resonant Peaks and Polarization Dependence of Microphotoluminescence in Whispering-Gallery Mode ZnO Microrod Cavity. Crystals 2021, 11, 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070824

AMA Style

Guo J, Wei H, Song J, Guo Y, Yuan X. High-Order Resonant Peaks and Polarization Dependence of Microphotoluminescence in Whispering-Gallery Mode ZnO Microrod Cavity. Crystals. 2021; 11(7):824. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070824

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guo, Jiatian, Huihui Wei, Jingyi Song, Yunhui Guo, and Xiaobo Yuan. 2021. "High-Order Resonant Peaks and Polarization Dependence of Microphotoluminescence in Whispering-Gallery Mode ZnO Microrod Cavity" Crystals 11, no. 7: 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070824

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