Urinary Biomarkers: Diagnostic Tools for Monitoring Athletes’ Health Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Approach
2.2. Participants
2.3. Urine Sampling
2.4. Biochemical Determinations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical Activity Modifies Hydration Status in Professional Athletes
3.2. Physical Activity Modifies Susceptibility to Urinary Infections
3.3. Physical Activity Modifies Hematuria and Proteinuria in Professional Athletes
3.4. Physical Activity Does Not Affect Urinary Parameters in Professional Athletes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values | 0 Months | 1 Months | 3 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | ≥5 | 50% | 31% | 59% |
≥6 | 33% | 38% | 8% | |
≥7 | 17% | 31% | 33% | |
Specific Weight | ≥1005 | 10% | 10% | |
≥1018 | 50% | 60% | 50% | |
≥1030 | 40% | 30% | 50% | |
Color | Amber | 8% | 17% | |
Straw yellow | 92% | 83% | 100% | |
Appearance | Clear | 83% | 75% | 100% |
Opalescent | 9% | 8% | ||
Turbid | 8% | 17% |
Parameters | Values | 0 Months | 1 Months | 3 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | 0–200 n/µL | 83% | 67% | 100% |
201–500 n/µL | 9% | 8% | ||
501–1000 n/µl | 8% | 25% | ||
Squamous Cells | 0–5 n/μL | 75% | 50% | 75% |
6–10 n/µL | 8% | 25% | 17% | |
11–20 n/μL | 17% | 25% | 8% | |
Leucocytes | 0–4 n/μL | 58% | 50% | 67% |
5–9 n/µL | 17% | 8% | 8% | |
10–18 n/µL | 25% | 42% | 25% |
Parameters | Values | 0 Months | 1 Months | 3 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
Erythrocytes | 0–3 n/μL | 50% | 50% | 75% |
4–7 n/μL | 33% | 25% | 17% | |
8–14 n/μL | 17% | 25% | 8% | |
Protein | 0–15 mg/dL | 75% | 75% | 75% |
16–50 mg/dL | 17% | 8% | 25% | |
51–100 mg/dL | 8% | 17% |
Variables | 0 Months | 1 Month | 3 Months |
---|---|---|---|
Glucose | absent | absent | Absent |
Ketones | negative | negative | Negative |
Bilirubin | absent | absent | Absent |
Hemoglobin | absent | absent | Absent |
Nitrite | absent | absent | Absent |
Leukocyte esterase | absent | absent | Absent |
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Pero, R.; Brancaccio, M.; Mennitti, C.; Gentile, L.; Arpino, S.; De Falco, R.; Leggiero, E.; Ranieri, A.; Pagliuca, C.; Colicchio, R.; et al. Urinary Biomarkers: Diagnostic Tools for Monitoring Athletes’ Health Status. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176065
Pero R, Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Gentile L, Arpino S, De Falco R, Leggiero E, Ranieri A, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, et al. Urinary Biomarkers: Diagnostic Tools for Monitoring Athletes’ Health Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176065
Chicago/Turabian StylePero, Raffaela, Mariarita Brancaccio, Cristina Mennitti, Luca Gentile, Sergio Arpino, Renato De Falco, Eleonora Leggiero, Annaluisa Ranieri, Chiara Pagliuca, Roberta Colicchio, and et al. 2020. "Urinary Biomarkers: Diagnostic Tools for Monitoring Athletes’ Health Status" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176065