The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Promoter Polymorphisms (rs3063368, rs755622) Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Death after Cardiac Surgery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patients
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.3. ELISA
2.4. Nomenclature and Genotyping of the Tetranucleotide Repeat Polymorphism CATTn (rs3063368)
2.5. Nomenclature and Genotyping of the SNP G>C Substitution (rs755622)
2.6. Statistics
2.7. Study Approval
3. Results
3.1. Patients, Baseline Characteristics, and Postoperative Complications
3.2. Genotype Frequencies
3.3. Association of the Tetranucleotide Repeat CATT5-7 (rs3063368) and the G>C Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (rs755622) with Postoperative Outcome
3.4. MIF Genotypes as a Predictor of AKI in Multivariable Analyses
3.5. MIF Serum Levels Before Surgery Are Increased in Patients Carrying the CATT7 Allele
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AKI | Death | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (N = 170) | No (N = 946) | p-Value | Yes (N = 8) | No (N = 1108) | p-Value | |||||
Demographics | ||||||||||
Age, years | 72 | (66–77) | 67 | (58–73) | <0.001 | 73 | (70–80) | 68 | (59–73) | 0.03 |
Sex (female) | 57 | (33.5) | 223 | (23.6) | 0.007 | 3 | (37.5) | 277 | (25.0) | 0.42 |
Active smokers | 32 | (18.8) | 198 | (20.9) | 0.61 | 1 | (12.5) | 229 | (20.7) | 1.00 |
Medication | ||||||||||
Beta blockers | 109 | (64.1) | 587 | (62.1) | 0.67 | 6 | (75.0) | 690 | (62.3) | 0.72 |
ACE inhibitors | 91 | (53.5) | 478 | (50.5) | 0.51 | 3 | (37.5) | 566 | (51.1) | 0.50 |
Cholesterol-lowering drug | 110 | (64.7) | 624 | (66.0) | 0.79 | 6 | (75.0) | 728 | (65.7) | 0.72 |
Insulin | 21 | (12.4) | 77 | (8.1) | 0.08 | 3 | (37.5) | 95 | (8.6) | 0.03 |
Aspirin | 128 | (75.3) | 619 | (65.4) | 0.01 | 4 | (50.0) | 743 | (67.1) | 0.45 |
Clopidogrel | 17 | (10) | 76 | (8.0) | 0.37 | 2 | (25.0) | 91 | (8.2) | 0.14 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||
Hypertension | 153 | (90.0) | 772 | (81.6) | 0.01 | 6 | (75.0) | 919 | (82.9) | 0.63 |
Ischemic heart disease | 132 | (77.6) | 706 | (74.6) | 0.39 | 5 | (62.5) | 833 | (75.2) | 0.42 |
Previous MI | 1 | (12.5) | 315 | (28.4) | 0.45 | |||||
Congestive heart disease | 43 | (25.3) | 193 | (20.4) | 0.15 | 2 | (25.0) | 234 | (21.1) | 0.68 |
PAD | 20 | (11.8) | 62 | (6.6) | 0.02 | 2 | (25.0) | 80 | (7.2) | 0.68 |
COPD | 15 | (8.8) | 80 | (8.5) | 0.88 | 0 | 0 | 95 | (8.6) | 1.00 |
Chronic kidney disease | 24 | (14.1) | 107 | (11.3) | 0.30 | 1 | (12.5) | 130 | (11.7) | 1.00 |
IDDM | 56 | (32.9) | 219 | (23.2) | 0.01 | 4 | (50.0) | 271 | (24.5) | 0.11 |
Laboratory, at baseline | ||||||||||
Serum creatinine mg/dL | 0.92 | (0.8–1.1) | 0.91 | (0.8–1.1) | 0.66 | 0.99 | (0.73–1.14) | 0.91 | (0.80–1.07) | 0.82 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.6 | (12.5–14.6) | 14.2 | (13.4–14.9) | <0.001 | 13.6 | (12.1–14.4) | 14.1 | (13.2–14.9) | 0.31 |
EuroSCORE | ||||||||||
5 | (3–7) | 4 | (2–6) | <0.001 | 6 | (5–8) | 4 | (2–6) | 0.03 | |
Type of surgery | ||||||||||
CABG (alone) | 64 | (37.6) | 434 | (45.9) | 0.26 | 3 | (37.5) | 495 | (44.7) | 0.25 |
Aortic valve * | 37 | (12.8) | 190 | (20.1) | 2 | (12.5) | 225 | (20.3) | ||
Mitral valve * | 6 | (3.5) | 32 | (3.4) | 0 | (37.5) | 38 | (3.4) | ||
Aorta ascendens * | 3 | (1.8) | 30 | (3.2) | 0 | (25.0) | 33 | (3.0) | ||
Combined procedures | 57 | (33.5) | 245 | (25.9) | 2 | 25.0 | 300 | (27.1) | ||
Other type of surgery | 3 | (1.8) | 15 | (1.6) | 1 | 12.5 | 17 | (1.5) |
CATT5–7 Repeat Allele Carrier Frequencies (rs3063368) | |||
N Carriers | % | Allele Frequency (Europe) % 1 | |
CATT5 | 488 | 43.7 | - * |
CATT6 | 957 | 85.8 | 84.3 |
CATT7 | 277 | 24.8 | 24.9 |
G>C SNP Genotype Frequencies (rs755622) | |||
N Genotypes | % | Allele Frequency (Europe) % 1 | |
GG (homozygous) | 762 | 68.3 | 65.2 |
GC (heterozygous) | 328 | 29.4 | 31.7 |
CC (homozygous) | 26 | 2.3 | 3.1 |
Individual Genotype Combination Frequencies (rs3063368 & rs755622) | |||
N | % | ||
CATT5,5-GG | 68 | 6.1 | |
CATT 5,6-GG | 329 | 29.5 | |
CATT 6,6-GG | 360 | 32.3 | |
CATT 5,7-GG | 2 | 0.2 | |
CATT 6,7-GG | 3 | 0.3 | |
CATT 5,5-CG | 3 | 0.3 | |
CATT 5,6-CG | 16 | 1.4 | |
CATT 6,6-CG | 63 | 5.6 | |
CATT 5,7-CG | 69 | 6.2 | |
CATT 6,7-CG | 176 | 15.8 | |
CATT 7,7-CG | 1 | 0.1 | |
CATT 5,7-CC | 1 | 0.1 | |
CATT 6,7-CC | 10 | 0.9 | |
CATT 7,7-CC | 15 | 1.3 | |
All | 1116 | 100.00 |
Patients (N = 1116) | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||
Death | 8 | 0.7 | |
Myocardial infarction (MI) | 93 | 8.3 | |
Stroke | 24 | 2.2 | |
Delirium | 144 | 12.9 | |
Acute kidney injury (AKI) | 170 | 15.2 | |
Stage 1 | 108 | 9.7 | |
Stage 2 | 38 | 3.4 | |
Stage 3 | 24 | 2.1 | |
Atrial Fibrillation | 245 | 21.9 | |
Multiple Complications (≥) * | 139 | 12.4 |
MIF Polymorphism | AKI (N = 170) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients Carrying This Allele/Genotype | Patients NOT Carrying this Allele/Genotype | |||||||
N | Incidence, % | N | Incidence, % | OR | (95% CI) | |||
CATT Repeat Allele Carriers (rs3063368) | ||||||||
CATT5 | 69 | 14.1 | 101 | 16.1 | 0.86 | (0.61–1.21) | 0.401 | |
CATT 6 | 143 | 14.9 | 27 | 17.0 | 0.86 | (0.54–1.40) | 0.551 | |
CATT 7 | 63 | 22.7 | 107 | 12.8 | 2.01 | (1.40–2.88) | 0.0001 | |
Genotypes | ||||||||
G>C (rs755622) | ||||||||
GG | 99 | 12.9 | 71 | 20.1 | 0.60 | (0.42–0.85) | 0.0031 | |
GC | 67 | 20.4 | 103 | 13.1 | 1.71 | (1.20–2.43) | 0.0025 | |
CC | 4 | 15.4 | 166 | 15.2 | 1.01 | (0.25–3.03) | 1.000 | |
CATT repeat (rs3063368) | ||||||||
CATT 5,5 | 7 | 9.9 | 163 | 15.6 | 0.59 | (0.22–1.32) | 0.233 | |
CATT 5,6 | 45 | 13.0 | 125 | 16.2 | 0.78 | (0.52–1.13) | 0.178 | |
CATT 5,7 | 17 | 23.6 | 153 | 14.7 | 1.80 | (0.95–3.25) | 0.060 | |
CATT 6,6 | 55 | 13.0 | 115 | 16.6 | 0.75 | (0.52–1.07) | 0.122 | |
CATT 6,7 | 43 | 22.8 | 127 | 13.7 | 1.86 | (1.23–2.77) | 0.003 | |
CATT 7,7 | 3 | 18.8 | 167 | 15.2 | 1.29 | (0.23–4.76) | 0.723 | |
Individual genotype combinations * | ||||||||
CATT 5,5-GG (6.1%) | 7 | 10.3 | 163 | 15.6 | 0.62 | (0.24–1.40) | 0.297 | |
CATT 5,6-GG (29.5%) | 44 | 13.4 | 126 | 16.0 | 0.81 | (0.55–1.19) | 0.275 | |
CATT 6,6-GG (32.3%) | 47 | 13.1 | 123 | 16,3 | 0.77 | (0.53–1.12) | 0.182 | |
CATT 6,6-CG (5.6%) | 8 | 12.7 | 162 | 15.4 | 0.80 | (0.32–1.73) | 0.718 | |
CATT 5,7-CG (6.2%) | 17 | 24.6 | 153 | 14.6 | 1.91 | (1.01–3.46) | 0.036 | |
CATT 6,7-CG (15.8%) | 41 | 23.3 | 129 | 13.7 | 1.91 | (1.25–2.87) | 0.002 |
MIF Polymorphism | Multiple Complications * (N = 139) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients Carrying this Allele/Genotype | Patients NOT Carrying this Allele/Genotype | |||||||
N | Incidence, % | N | Incidence, % | OR | (95% CI) | |||
-CATT repeat allele carriers (rs3063368) | ||||||||
CATT 5 | 50 | 10.3 | 89 | 14.2 | 0.69 | (0.47–1.01) | 0.055 | |
CATT 6 | 120 | 12.5 | 19 | 12.0 | 1.06 | (0.62–1.88) | 0.898 | |
CATT 7 | 49 | 17.7 | 90 | 10.7 | 1.79 | (1.20–2.65) | 0.003 | |
Genotypes | ||||||||
G>C (rs755622) | ||||||||
GG | 80 | 10.1 | 59 | 16.7 | 0.59 | (0.40–0.86) | 0.005 | |
GC | 55 | 16.8 | 84 | 10.7 | 1.69 | (1.15–2.47) | 0.007 | |
CC | 4 | 15.4 | 135 | 12.4 | 1.29 | (0.32–3.87) | 0.554 | |
CATT repeat (rs3063368) | ||||||||
CATT 5,5 | 4 | 5.6 | 135 | 12.9 | 0.40 | (0.10–1.11) | 0.092 | |
CATT 5,6 | 33 | 9.6 | 106 | 13.8 | 0.66 | (0.42–1.02) | 0.050 | |
CATT 5,7 | 13 | 18.1 | 126 | 12.1 | 1.61 | (0.78–3.06) | 0.140 | |
CATT 6,6 | 53 | 12.5 | 86 | 12.4 | 1.01 | (0.69–1.48) | 1.000 | |
CATT 6,7 | 34 | 18.0 | 105 | 11.3 | 1.72 | (1.09–2.66) | 0.015 | |
CATT 7,7 | 2 | 12.5 | 137 | 12.5 | 1.00 | (0.11–4.45) | 1.000 | |
Individual genotype combinations † | ||||||||
CATT 5,5-GG (6.1%) | 4 | 5.9 | 135 | 12.9 | 0.42 | (0.11–1.16) | 0.126 | |
CATT 5,6-GG (29.5%) | 32 | 9.7 | 107 | 13.6 | 0.68 | (0.44–1.05) | 0.091 | |
CATT 6,6-GG (32.3%) | 44 | 12.2 | 95 | 12.6 | 0.97 | (0.65–1.44) | 0.923 | |
CATT 6,6-CG (5.6%) | 9 | 14.3 | 130 | 12.4 | 1.18 | (0.50–2.49) | 0.693 | |
CATT 5,7-CG (6.2%) | 13 | 18.4 | 126 | 12.0 | 1.70 | (0.83–3.25) | 0.127 | |
CATT 6,7-CG (15.8%) | 32 | 18.2 | 107 | 11.4 | 1.73 | (1.08–2.70) | 0.018 |
MIF Polymorphism | Death (N = 8) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients Carrying This Allele/Genotype | Patients NOT Carrying This Allele/Genotype | |||||||
N | Incidence, % | N | Incidence, % | OR | (95% CI) | |||
CATT repeat allele carriers (rs3063368) | ||||||||
CATT 5 | 2 | 0.4 | 6 | 1.0 | 0.43 | (0.04–2.40) | 0.478 | |
CATT 6 | 7 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.16 | (0.15–52.80) | 1.000 | |
CATT 7 | 5 | 1.8 | 3 | 0.4 | 5.12 | (0.99–33.14) | 0.026 | |
Genotypes | ||||||||
G>C (rs755622) | ||||||||
GG | 3 | 0.4 | 5 | 1.4 | 0.28 | (0.04–1.43) | 0.118 | |
GC | 5 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.4 | 4.05 | (0.78–26.20) | 0.053 | |
CC | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.7 | 0.00 | (0.00–19.77) | 1.000 | |
CATT repeat (rs3063368) | ||||||||
CATT 5,5 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.8 | 0.00 | (0.00–6.75) | 1.000 | |
CATT 5,6 | 1 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.9 | 0.32 | (0.01–2.49) | 0.447 | |
CATT 5,7 | 1 | 1.4 | 7 | 0.7 | 2.09 | (0.05–16.59) | 0.415 | |
CATT 6,6 | 2 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.9 | 0.54 | (0.05–3.06) | 0.717 | |
CATT 6,7 | 4 | 2.1 | 4 | 0.4 | 4.99 | (0.92–26.98) | 0.032 | |
CATT 7,7 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.7 | 0.00 | (0.00–33.33) | 1.000 | |
Individual genotype combinations * | ||||||||
CATT 5,5-GG (6.1%) | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.8 | 0.00 | (0.00–7.07) | 1.000 | |
CATT 5,6-GG (29.5%) | 1 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.9 | 0.34 | (0.01–2.66) | 0.449 | |
CATT 6,6-GG (32.3%) | 2 | 0.6 | 6 | 0.8 | 0.70 | (0.07–3.93) | 1.000 | |
CATT 6,6-CG (5.6%) | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.8 | 0.00 | (0.00–7.68) | 1.000 | |
CATT 5,7-CG (6.2%) | 1 | 1.5 | 7 | 0.7 | 2.18 | (0.05–17.39) | 0.401 | |
CATT 6,7-CG (15.8%) | 4 | 2.3 | 4 | 0.4 | 5.44 | (1.00–29.44) | 0.025 |
Variable | ß | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
AKI (N = 170) * | −1.066 | |||
CATT7 carrier | 0.755 | 2.13 | (1.46–3.09) | <0.001 |
EuroSCORE | 0.202 | 1.22 | (1.38–1.32) | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin | −0.183 | 0.83 | (0.74–0.94) | 0.004 |
Hypertension | 0.701 | 2.03 | (1.11–3.72) | 0.022 |
Death (N = 8) † | −6.709 | |||
CATT7 carrier | 1.719 | 5.58 | (1.29–24.04) | 0.021 |
EuroSCORE | 0.342 | 1.41 | (1.05–1.88) | 0.021 |
IDDM | 1.923 | 6.84 | (1.55–30.26) | 0.011 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Averdunk, L.; Bernhagen, J.; Fehnle, K.; Surowy, H.; Lüdecke, H.-J.; Mucha, S.; Meybohm, P.; Wieczorek, D.; Leng, L.; Marx, G.; et al. The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Promoter Polymorphisms (rs3063368, rs755622) Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Death after Cardiac Surgery. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092936
Averdunk L, Bernhagen J, Fehnle K, Surowy H, Lüdecke H-J, Mucha S, Meybohm P, Wieczorek D, Leng L, Marx G, et al. The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Promoter Polymorphisms (rs3063368, rs755622) Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Death after Cardiac Surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092936
Chicago/Turabian StyleAverdunk, Luisa, Jürgen Bernhagen, Karl Fehnle, Harald Surowy, Hermann-Josef Lüdecke, Sören Mucha, Patrick Meybohm, Dagmar Wieczorek, Lin Leng, Gernot Marx, and et al. 2020. "The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Promoter Polymorphisms (rs3063368, rs755622) Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Death after Cardiac Surgery" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092936