Next Article in Journal
Kinetic Analysis for High-Temperature Coarsening of γ″ Phase in Ni-Based Superalloy GH4169
Previous Article in Journal
Void Content, Tensile, Vibration and Acoustic Properties of Kenaf/Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 12
Issue 13
10.3390/ma12132095
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Effect of Selected Luminescent Layers on CCT, CRI, and Response Times

by
Jan Jargus
1,*,
Jan Vitasek
1,
Jan Nedoma
1,*,
Vladimir Vasinek
1 and
Radek Martinek
2
1
Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
2
Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2019, 12(13), 2095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132095
Submission received: 11 June 2019 / Revised: 25 June 2019 / Accepted: 26 June 2019 / Published: 28 June 2019
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Phosphors have been used as wavelength converters in illumination for many years. When it is excited with blue light, the frequently used yttrium aluminium garnet doped with cerium (YAG:Ce) phosphor converts a part of blue light to a wideband yellow light, resulting in the generated light having a white color. By combining an appropriate concentration of the YAG:Ce phosphor and blue excitant light, white light of a desired correlated color temperature (CCT) can be obtained. However, this type of illumination has a lower color rendering index value (CRI). In an attempt to improve the CRI value, we mixed the YAG:Ce phosphor with europium-doped calcium sulfide phosphor (CaS:Eu), which resulted in a considerably increased CRI value. This article examines an experiment with luminescent layers consisting of a mixture of selected phosphors and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Different thicknesses in these layers were achieved by changing the speed of rotation during their accumulation onto laboratory glass using the method of spin coating. The spectral characteristics of these luminescent layers as they were excited with blue light emitting diode (LED) and laser diode (LD) were then determined. A suitable combination of the YAG:Ce phosphor with a phosphor containing europium, as it was excited with a blue LED, yielded a source of white light with a CRI value of greater than 85. The response time in the tested luminescent layers to a rectangular excitant impulse (generated by a signal generator and transmitted by LD) was also measured in order to examine their potential use in visible light communications (VLC).

1. Introduction

White light plays a substantial role in lighting applications, two basic principles being known and applied in its practical creation. One of them is additive mixing of basic colors (red, green, and blue, i.e., RGB), and the second uses blue excitant light and a phosphor [1]. Some of the methods of producing white light using additive mixing are described; for example, in [2,3,4]. Producing white light with phosphors, i.e., on wavelength converters, has been more commonly used for many years, however. One of the best-known phosphorus used for this purpose is yttrium aluminium garnet doped with cerium (YAG:Ce). When it is excited with blue light, some of the light is converted into the longer wavelength yellow spectral component, which, combined with the non-absorbed blue spectral component, produces light perceived as white [1,5].
Many publications examine the topic of white LEDs (WLEDs) based on the YAG:Ce phosphor. For example, publications [6,7] study different ways of producing the YAG:Ce phosphor that influence the properties of the generated white light. The paper [6] describes a novel yellow phosphor with core–shell structure prepared via coating Y2O3:Ce film on an Al2O3 particle, and in paper [7] another method is reported which potentiates the spectra of YAG:Ce phosphors using organic–inorganic halide perovskites materials to enrich the red light emission region. Publications [8,9] discuss a similar topic, studying the effect of the size and shape of particles of the YAG:Ce phosphor on the resulting parameters of white light. The problems of WLEDs based on the monocrystal of YAG:Ce are discussed in detail in [10,11,12]. In the practical application of certain lighting, an important issue is the host matter of the YAG:Ce phosphor. In recent years, the host matter has often been glass, which, in combination with a phosphor, forms a solid layer of phosphor in the glass (PiG) [13,14,15]. The application potential of other flexible host matters has also been investigated. One potential host matter variant is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Some options for combining the YAG:Ce phosphor and PDMS are presented, for example, in [16,17,18]. PDMS is a thermally and chemically resistant material, also reflected in the stability of the resulting layer of the YAG:Ce phosphor combined with PDMS. An extensive study of the stability of combining the YAG:Ce phosphor and PDMS, including the long-term effect of high temperatures (around 300 °C) and high optical intensities (around 150 W), is described in [19].
Generating white light using a semiconductor LED and a phosphor is a viable and routine method of producing white light for general lighting applications. Several different methods create white light based on phosphors excited with LEDs. Some of these are shown in Figure 1. Generally, they can be classified as dichromatic, trichromatic, and tetrachromatic. In employing these methods, either a UV exciting source or visible (usually blue) source is used. Color rendering ability is the lowest for dichromatic sources and increases with the multi-chromaticity of the source. The CRI can reach a value of almost 100 for tetrachromatic sources [1].
In the last decade, interest in using white light not only for illumination but also for transferring information through visible light communications (VLC) has been on the rise. This area includes solutions for many interrelated topics concerning, for example, the problems of light sources suitable for use in VLC [20,21,22,23]. The issue of modifying signals and selecting appropriate modulation also has an important role [24,25,26,27,28,29]. The choice of suitable detection and subsequent demodulation of signals is no less substantial [30,31,32,33,34]. Undoubtedly, the transfer parameters are fundamentally influenced by the choice of a particular phosphor. Its dynamic properties are mainly determined by measuring the rising and falling edge times in reaction to an exciting rectangular impulse and measuring the luminescence decay time [35,36,37,38].
In this paper, we deal with luminescent layers of different thicknesses based on phosphor powders and PDMS which were produced by the spin coating method. The luminescent layers were excited using both blue light emitting diode (LED) and laser diode (LD), and the resulting spectral characteristics were compared. The phosphor delay times, which affect the communication characteristics, were measured. It was found that the CaS:Eu phosphor increased the response time. It has been shown that the thickness of the luminescent layer influences both the lighting and communication parameters. These findings can be used for optimization of the luminiscent layers in the area of VLC.

2. Materials and Methods

The quality of white light is assessed in the CCT and CRI parameters. The CCT is derived from the thermal radiation of a black body and associated with coordinates (x, y) in the CIE 1931 color diagram. A light source with an emission spectrum P(λ) produces tristimulus values X, Y and Z, which characterize the eye’s perception of color in this light source P(λ). These tristimulus values can also be used to derive the color coordinates x and y, which determine the location of the light source P(λ) in the color diagram. Clear colors are found along the contour of the chromaticity diagram. White light is located at its center (see color diagram scheme in Figure 2). The position of illuminant E is also depicted here. It is not a Planck source, but because of its spectral equilibrium, it is considered an ideal source of white light.
The known equations for calculating color coordinates from tristimulus values are shown below:
x = X X + Y + Z ,
y = Y X + Y + Z ,
z = Z X + Y + Z = 1 − x − y ,
Because the color coordinate z can be obtained from x and y, it need not be used for the qualitative description of light [1,5].
Another important property of the white light source is its ability to accurately (truly) render the colors of physical objects, such as plants, fruits, wood, furniture, etc., that are illuminated by it. The ability to render the colors of an object is measured by the CRI (color rendering index). According to convention, it is assumed that the Planck reference source can perfectly render colors, and therefore its CRI = 100. Under international standardization, a specific set of 14 color testing patterns has been established. The first eight are used to determine the CRI. According to the CIE standard, the overall average value of the CRI is calculated as follows:
CRI = 1 8 ∑ i = 1 8 CRI i ,
The values CRI i are calculated from:
CRI i = 100 − 4.6 Δ E i * ,
where Δ E i * is the quantitative change of color occurring if the i-th testing color sample is first illuminated with the reference source and then with the tested source. Calculation of individual CRI i is done so that when no color rendering dissimilarities occur, the sum of all its contributions would result in a value of 100 [39,40].
The required CCT value can be set within a wide range by changing the concentration of the YAG:Ce phosphor in the luminescent layer or changing the thickness of this layer [13,18]. However, if only the YAG:Ce phosphor is used in the luminescent layer, the CRI will reach values of around 65 to 80 only [11,15]. To obtain higher CRI values, other additives must be used in addition to the YAG:Ce phosphor. For example, in [41], a value of CRI = 83.1 is attained by adding nano-fibres emitting an orange color. Similarly, using the method of doping manganese into CsPb(Cl/Br)3 quantum dot glasses, a value of CRI = 81.4 was obtained [42]. Adding the red emitting phosphor Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ and SiO2 particles resulted in obtaining a value of CRI = 84 [43].
After exciting the YAG:Ce phosphor with blue light, 5d→4f transitions of Ce3+ ions occur. These are influenced by the field of the host grid, which results in the occurrence of wideband luminescence [44,45]. The speed of these transitions is usually in the order of tens of nanoseconds [46] and affects the rising and falling edge times and the luminescence decay time [35]. These dynamic properties of phosphors affect the potential of their use in VLC and must always be determined experimentally for each particular luminescent layer [47,48].

Preparation of Samples

A total of ten samples were prepared for the experimental measurements. Five samples contained only YAG:Ce phosphor and five samples contained a mixture of YAG:Ce and CaS:Eu phosphors (Phosphor-Technology Ltd., Stevenage, UK). PDMS of type SE 1740 (Dow Corning) was selected as the host material for these phosphors. Based on previous experimental experience, the mixture for producing these samples was prepared in two test tubes. In test tube 1, the YAG:Ce phosphor and PDMS were mixed in a weight ratio of 1:2. In test tube 2, the phosphors YAG:Ce and CaS:Eu were mixed together with PDMS in weight ratios of 1:2 and 1:20, respectively. The test tubes were then placed into a laboratory shaker for five hours to completely mix the phosphors with PDMS. Then, 0.2 g of the mixture was deposited with a pipette from test tube 1 onto each of the five laboratory glasses (samples 1–5). Similarly, 0.2 g of the mixture was deposited with a pipette from test tube 2 onto the other five laboratory glasses (samples 6–10). These laboratory glasses were than progressively placed into a WS-650Mz-23NPPB spin coater, which rotated at a speed of 400 to 600 rpm for 60 s. In this manner, a layer of different thicknesses of the PDMS and the phosphor mixture was formed on each glass. The layer’s thickness was inversely proportional to speed of rotation. At a speed of rotation of 400 rpm (samples 1 and 6), a thickness layer of more than 90 μm was formed. At a speed of rotation of 600 rpm (samples 5 and 10), a thickness layer of less than 80 μm was formed. All samples were then placed into an electric oven where they were thermally cured at a temperature of approx. 90 °C for 45 min. Layer thickness was measured with an LPT 3113i-T microscope using the method of double focusing on the upper and lower planes of the tested layers. Layer thickness was determined as the difference between the measured values of each plane. Table 1 shows the luminescent layers of respective samples 1 through 10.

3. Measurements and Results

Spectra were measured in all samples using an AvaSpec-HS2048XL spectrometer (Avantes BV, Apeldoorn, Netherlands). The CCT, CRI and spectra values for respective samples were recorded. The luminescent layers were measured in the central part of the samples. A blue LED (S450; Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA) with a dominant wavelength of 450 nm and spectral width (FWHM) of 13 nm was first used as an excitant source. The LEDS450 was powered from an HM8143 (from Rohde & Schwarz, Munich, Germany) voltage source with a working current of around 80 mA. The scheme of the measuring assembly is shown in Figure 3a, while photographs of all tested samples are shown at Figure 3b.
Spectra were first measured on samples 1–5. Data from the measurements were processed using Matlab software. The respective graphs are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. A summary of measured CCT and CRI values and CIE 1931 color coordinates (x, y) are presented in Table 2.
The results of the spectral measurements for samples 6–10 are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 and Table 3.
The graphs in Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7 clearly show that parameters CCT and CRI and chromatic coordinates x, y are strongly affected by the selected phosphor (phosphors) and weight ratio to PDMS and the thickness of the luminescent film. The recorded spectra of the samples (Figure 4b and Figure 6b) clearly show the effect of thickness of the luminescent layer on the proportion of the non-absorbed blue spectral component emitted by the excitant LED. When only the YAG:Ce phosphor (samples 1–5) was used, the measured CCT values were in the range of 5250 to 14,377 K and the measured CRI values were in the range of 65.5 to 77.2 (Table 2). Figure 4 shows that the light generated by these samples falls into the area of white light; however, in samples 4 and 5, it had a strong bluish tint. Sample 2 with CCT = 6375 K and CRI = 70.1 most closely resembled standard white light (illuminant E).
Figure 6 shows the location in the color diagram, spectral characteristics and CCT and CRI values of samples 6–10. For these samples, we used a combination of the YAG:Ce and CaS:Eu phosphors that selected the red spectral component. As a result, the CRI values were considerably higher in samples 6 through 10. Samples 7 and 8 most closely resembled illuminant E, sample 7 showing CCT = 4548 K and CRI = 85.8. Adding the CaS:Eu phosphor also reduced overall the CCT values in samples 6–10 compared to samples 1 through 5. Therefore, it can be stated that the CaS:Eu phosphor caused a shift to a warmer white color.

Measurement of Rising and Falling Edge Times

The dynamic parameters of the phosphors used in samples 1 through 10 were also measured. These measurements were conducted with the LEDS450 (Thorlabs), which was previously used as an excitant source for spectral measurements. This LED, however, demonstrated rising and falling edge times in the order of microseconds and was therefore not suitable for this measurement. Measurement was instead conducted with laser diode (LD) PL450B (Thorlabs), which the manufacturer guarantees has a modulation speed in the order of 100 MHz. The LD was placed in an LDM38/M (Thorlabs) temperature-controlled mount and powered from the LD current controller LDC205C (Thorlabs) source. An HMF2550 signal generator was used to generate an exciting rectangular impulse frequency of f = 2 MHz (duty cycle 50%) at an LD current of 115 mA and 70 mA for level log 1 and level log 0, respectively. A PDA36A-EC (Thorlabs) photodetector and LeCroy 204Xi oscilloscope were also used. The latter equipment can automatically detect and measure the rising and falling edges. Rise time is the time during which the value of the monitored variable increases from 10% to 90%. Similarly, fall time is the time during which the value of monitored variable decreases from 90% to 10%. Figure 8 shows the recorded signal responses of the respective samples for the rectangular impulse generated by the LD PL450B. The exact results of this measurement are presented in Table 4.
It clearly follows from this measurement that rise time and fall time are strongly affected by the thickness of the measured luminescent layer and its composition. For the thickest layers (samples 1 and 6), values tr and tf were the highest, and in the thinnest layers (samples 5 and 10), values tr and tf were the lowest (Table 4). The measurements also show that the CaS:Eu phosphor contained in samples 6 through 10 increased the times tr and tf compared to samples 1 through 5 containing the YAG:Ce phosphor only. The measured values suggest that the luminescent layers with the YAG:Ce phosphor will have better communication properties for VLC than the luminescent layers containing a mixture of the YAG:Ce and CaS:Eu phosphors.
Spectral measurements were then conducted on all samples for verification by exciting the PL450B laser diode with a working current of I = 80 mA. The measuring assembly was similar to the one used for spectral measurements with the excitant LED (Figure 3a); the difference, however, being the LDM38/M temperature-controlled mount and LDC205C current controller used to stabilize the temperature and current of the LD. The spectra recorded in this measurement are shown in Figure 9. The effect of the thickness of the luminescent layer on the proportion of the non-absorbed blue spectral component emitted by the excitant LD is once again clear.
The spectra in Figure 9 show that the spectral responses to LD exciting radiation in both sample groups 1 through 5 and 6 through 10 merge. Using Matlab software, the non-absorbed blue part of the spectra emitted by the excitant LD was set to the same level of intensity. As a result, the spectral responses of individual samples to this blue excitation could be satisfactorily depicted (Figure 10b and Figure 11b). The graphs from the measurement of samples 1–5 are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 12. The color coordinates, CCT, and CRI values are given in Table 5.
The graphs of spectral measurements with excitation from the LD in samples 6–10 are shown in Figure 11 and Figure 13. The color coordinates, CCT and CRI values are in Table 6.
Figure 10 through Figure 13 and Table 5 and Table 6 clearly show that the spectral characteristics during excitation with the LD were also strongly affected by both the thickness of the tested luminescent layer and the selected phosphor and its weight ratio to PDMS. If we compare the results of spectral measurements conducted with the LED (Table 2 and Table 3) and the LD (Table 5 and Table 6), better results from the viewpoint of quality of white light were achieved in samples excited with the LED. By contrast, the LEDS450 excitant did not demonstrate that it was suitable for communication with light, whereas the LD PL450B could be modulated in the order of 100 MHz and showed that it could potentially be an appropriate source for VLC.

4. Conclusions

Ten luminescent samples were prepared using spin coating to deposit a thin film of a mixture of PDMS and selected phosphors on microscopic glass. The thickness of the luminescent layers of the respective samples were affected significantly by the speed of rotation during coating. In our experiments for the selected range spin coating speeds of 400 to 600 rpm showed an approximately linear indirect correlation between spin coating speeds and thickness of the luminescent layers. A combination of the YAG:Ce phosphor only and PDMS was used in samples 1–5. Samples 6–10 used a combination of YAG:Ce and CaS:Eu phosphors homogeneously distributed with PDMS. The CaS:Eu phosphor selected the red spectral component of samples 6 through 10, and when excited with the LEDS450, caused the CCT values to decrease and CRI values to increase in these samples. The color diagram in Figure 6 shows that samples 7 and 8 most closely resembled illuminant E. Sample 7 demonstrated color coordinates of CIEx = 0.3551 and CIEy = 0.3364 and values of CCT = 4548 K and CRI = 85.8. When excited with the LD PL450B, samples 6 and 7 most closely resembled illuminant E. In this case, sample 7 had color coordinates of CIEx = 0.3326 and CIEy = 0.3039 and values of CCT = 5482 K and CRI = 77.98.
Regarding communication properties, the best results were achieved in sample 5, with a rise time of tr = 58.05 ns and fall time of tf = 58.53 ns (Table 4). However, examining the spectral characteristics of sample 5 excited with the LD showed that it had a strong blue tint and was located away from area of white light (Figure 10a). The best values from the viewpoint of quality of white light were attained in sample 7 when excited with the LD, achieving values of tr = 77.77 ns and tf = 78.84 ns. This means, at these settings of the LD excitant and sample 7, that even a very short impulse generated by this assembly will be extended to time tp ≥ tr + tf, i.e., tp ≥ 156.61 ns. For sample 7 excited with the LD PL450B, this implies that its use in VLC will be adversely affected by luminescent phenomena with a frequency of more than 6.39 MHz. The experiments showed that the thickness of the luminescent layer not only strongly affected the spectral characteristics but also the dynamic characteristics of light generated by this layer. Comparing the rise and fall times (Table 4) and the spectra of samples 1–10 excited with the LD PL450B (Figure 10b and Figure 11b), we can conclude that the speed of the luminescent response (rise and fall times) was proportional to the ratio of the blue excitant and the wideband luminescent spectral component. With a greater proportion of the blue spectral component, the times tr and tf decrease, and thus communication properties would improve.
This study demonstrated that depositing luminescent layers consisting of a mixture of phosphors and PDMS by spin coating at different speeds of rotation can significantly aid in tuning the parameters of the resulting light. It was also shown that the CaS:Eu phosphor added to the luminescent layer in an appropriate weight ratio significantly increased the CRI value of the resulting light; however, it also increased rise time and fall time and therefore diminishes its potential for use in VLC. It is therefore clear that in producing luminescent layers that combine PDMS and selected phosphors, we can select whether our priority is either light or communication properties, or whether we look for a certain and reasonable compromise between them. Our future research will investigate luminescent layers of different thicknesses and different weight ratios of selected phosphors and PDMS. Our aim is to not only investigate the spectral characteristics of these layers but also their effect on communication properties with respect to certain types of modulation.

Author Contributions

J.J. proposed the system idea and edited the manuscript. J.J., J.V., J.N., V.V. and R.M. developed, tested and validated data. J.J. and J.V. wrote the manuscript. J.J. critically evaluated the quality of the research data and experimental methods used to generate/acquire them as well as the soundness/validity of the scientific and engineering techniques, wrote the manuscript, and performed its final edits.

Funding

This article was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (Projects No. SP2019/80, SP2019/85). This article was also supported by the European Regional Development Fund in the Research Centre of Advanced Mechatronic Systems project, project number CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000867 within the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education. This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund in Research Platform focused on Industry 4.0 and Robotics in Ostrava project, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008425 within the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Schubert, E.F. Light-Emitting Diodes, 2nd ed.; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2006; ISBN 10-0-521-86538-7. [Google Scholar]
  2. Liu, M.; Li, K.; Kong, F.-M.; Zhao, J.; Xu, C.-J. Using three-component hierarchical structures to improve the light extraction from white LEDs based on red-green-blue color mixing method. Prog. Electromagn. Res. C 2017, 75, 169–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Mei, J.; Liu, L. Research on white light color temperature deviation based on tricolor LEDs. Guangxue Xuebao Acta Opt. Sin. 2016, 36, 0833001. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Muthu, S.; Gaines, J.R. Green and Blue LED-Based White Light Source: Implementation Challenges and Control Design. In Proceeding of the IEEE Industry Applications Society 38th Annual Meeting: Crossroads to Innovation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 12–16 October 2003; pp. 515–522. [Google Scholar]
  5. Withnall, R.; Silver, J. Luminescence of phosphors. In Handbook of Visual Display Technology; Chen, J., Cranton, W., Fihn, M., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2012. [Google Scholar]
  6. Feng, G.; Jiang, W.; Liu, J.; Li, C.; Zhang, Q.; Miao, L.; Wu, Q. Synthesis and luminescence properties of Al2O3@YAG: Ce core–shell yellow phosphor for white LED application. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 8435–8439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Chen, L.-C.; Tseng, Z.-L.; Chang, W.-W.; Lin, Y.W. Warm white light-emitting diodes using organic–inorganic halide perovskite materials coated YAG:Ce3+ phosphors. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 3868–3872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Wang, J.; Lee, S.W.R.; Zou, H. Investigation on the influence of phosphor particle size gradient on the optical performance of white light-emitting diodes. In Proceedings of the IEEE 18th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, EPTC 2016, Singapore, 30 November–3 December 2016. [Google Scholar]
  9. Kim, Y.; Shim, K.B.; Wu, M.; Jung, H.-K. Monodispersed spherical YAG:Ce3+ phosphor particles by one-pot synthesis. J. Alloy. Compd. 2017, 693, 40–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Gu, G.; Xiang, W.; Yang, C.; Fan, W.; Lv, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Liang, X. A novel single-component white-emitting Tb and Mn co-doped large-sized Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ single crystal for white LED. Sci. Adv. Mater. 2016, 8, 1354–1360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Du, Y.; Shao, C.; Dong, Y.; Yang, Q. Electroluminescent Properties of WLEDs with the Structures of Ce:YAG Single Crystal/Blue Chip and Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+/Ce:YAG Single Crystal/Blue Chip. J. Disp. Technol. 2016, 12, 323–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Zhao, B.; Liang, X.; Chen, Z.; Xie, C.; Luo, L.; Zhang, Z.; Zhong, J.; Xiang, W. Studies on optical properties and Ce concentration of Ce: YAG single crystal for WLEDs. Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 2014, 35, 230–236. [Google Scholar]
  13. Zhou, H.; Zou, J.; Yang, B.; Wu, W.; Shi, M.; Wang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Li, M.; Zhao, G. Facile preparation and luminescence performance of transparent YAG:Ce phosphor-in-tellurate-glass inorganic color converter for white-light-emitting diodes. J. Non Cryst. Solids 2018, 481, 537–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Peng, Y.; Li, R.; Cheng, H.; Chen, Z.; Chen, M. High-power white LED packaging using phosphor-in-glass and its thermal reliability. In Proceedings of the 13th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting, SSLCHINA, Beijing, China, 15–17 November 2016. [Google Scholar]
  15. Gong, M.; Liang, X.; Wang, Y.; Xu, H.; Zhang, L.; Xiang, W. Novel synthesis and optical characterization of phosphor-converted WLED employing Ce:YAG-doped glas. J. Alloy. Compd. 2016, 664, 125–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Lin, H.-Y.; Tu, Z.-Y.; Ku, P.-C.; Lin, C.-C.; Kuo, H.-C. Large area lighting applications with organic dye embedded flexible film. In Proceedings of the Light-Emitting Diodes: Materials, Devices, and Applications for Solid State Lighting XIX; SPIE 9383, San Francisco, CA, USA, 7–12 February 2015. [Google Scholar]
  17. Chen, L.-C.; Lin, W.-W.; Chen, J.-W. Fabrication of GaN-based white light-emitting diodes on yttrium aluminum garnet-polydimethylsiloxane flexible substrates. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2015, 2015, 537163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Jargus, J.; Nedoma, J.; Fajkus, M.; Novak, M.; Vasinek, V. Study combination of luminophore and polydimethylsiloxane for alternative option of passive energy lighting. In Proceedings of the Image Sensing Technologies: Materials, Devices, Systems, and Applications IV; SPIE 10209, Anaheim, CA, USA, 9–13 April 2017. [Google Scholar]
  19. Esteves, A.C.C.; Brokken-Zijp, J.; Laven, J.; de With, G. Light converter coatings from cross-linked PDMS/particles composite. Prog. Org. Coat. 2010, 68, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Li, X.; Jiang, Y.; Li, J.; Shi, Z.; Zhu, G.; Wang, Y. Integrated photonics chip with InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode and bended waveguide for visible-light communications. Opt. Laser Technol. 2019, 114, 103–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Xie, E.; He, X.; Islim, M.S.; Purwita, A.A.; Mckendry, J.J.D.; Gu, E.; Haas, H.; Dawson, M.D. High-speed visible light communication based on a III-nitride series-biased micro-LED array. J. Lightwave Technol. 2019, 37, 1180–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Wu, T.-C.; Chi, Y.-C.; Wang, H.-Y. White-lighting communication with a Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+/CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ Glass Covered 450-nm InGaN Laser Diode. J. Lightwave Technol. 2018, 36, 1634–1643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zafar, F.; Bakaul, M.; Parthiban, R. Laser-diode-based visible light communication: Toward gigabit class communication. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2017, 55, 144–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Devi, P.; Maddila, R.K. External modulation using MZM for visible wavelengths. In Optical and Wireless Technologies; Vijay, J., Singh, G., Tiwari, M., D’alessandro, A., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 37–41. [Google Scholar]
  25. Xu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Gong, Z.; Xia, Z.; Yuan, T.; Gu, Z.; Zhao, W.; Chen, J. Hybrid modulation scheme for visible light communication using CMOS camera. Opt. Commun. 2019, 440, 89–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Haigh, P.A.; Chvojka, P.; Ghassemlooy, Z.; Zvanovec, S.; Darwazeh, I. Visible light communications: Multi-band super-Nyquist CAP modulation. Opt. Express 2019, 27, 8912–8919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Salmento, M.L.G.; Soares, G.M.; Alonso, J.M.; Braga, H.A.C. A Dimmable offline LED driver with OOK-M-FSK modulation for VLC applications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2019, 66, 5220–5230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Yan, D.; Mao, X.; Xie, S.; Cong, J.; Chen, H. Design Fully Integrated Driver Circuit for Phosphorescent White Light-Emitting-Diode High Speed Real-Time Wireless Communication. IEEE Photonics J. 2019, 11, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Khadr, M.; Aziz, A.; Fayed, H.; Aly, M. Bandwidth and BER Improvement employing a pre-equalization circuit with white LED arrays in a MISO VLC system. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Salamandra, L.; Nia, N.Y.; Natali, M. Perovskite photo-detectors (PVSK-PDs) for visible light communication. Org. Electron. 2019, 69, 220–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Kosman, J.; Almer, O.; Abbas, T. 500Mb/s -46.1dBm CMOS SPAD Receiver for laser diode visible-light communications. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference—(ISSCC) IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, 17–21 February 2019; pp. 468–470. [Google Scholar]
  32. Swain, K.P.; Palai, G.; Moharana, J.K. Design and implementation of opto-electro decoder using photonic structure: A new application of Li-fi vis-a-vis optical embedded system. Optik 2019, 178, 658–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Liu, X.; Lin, R.; Qian, Z. An InGaN micro-LED based photodetector array for high-speed parallel visible light communication. In Proceedings of the Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) IEEE, Hangzhou, China, 26–29 October 2018; pp. 1–3. [Google Scholar]
  34. Ma, S.; Dai, J.; Lu, S.; Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Du, C.; Li, S. Signal demodulation with machine learning methods for physical layer visible light communications: Prototype platform, open dataset, and algorithms. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 30588–30598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Vitasek, J.; Jargus, J.; Stratil, T.; Latal, J.; Kolar, J. Illumination and communication characteristics of white light created by laser excitation of YAG: Ce phosphor powders. Opt. Mater. 2018, 83, 131–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Pokorny, M.; Paterek, J.; Nikl, M.; Sykorova, S.; Stehlik, A.; Polak, J.; Houzvivka, J. Concentration dependence of energy transfer Ce3+→Er3+ in YAG host. Opt. Mater. 2018, 86, 338–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Vitasek, J.; Jargus, J.; Hejduk, S.; Stratil, T.; Latal, J.; Vasinek, V. Phosphor decay measurement and its influence on communication properties. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) IEEE, Girona, Spain, 2–6 July 2017; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
  38. Lisitsyn, V.M.; Ju, Y.; Stepanov, S.A.; Soschin, N.M. Complex study on photoluminescence properties of YAG:Ce,Gd phosphors. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2017, 830, 012160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. CIE Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage Proceedings; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1995.
  40. Bass, M. Handbook of Optics; R.R. Donnelly & Sons Company: Chicago, IL, USA, 1995; ISBN 0-07-047740-X. [Google Scholar]
  41. Janjua, B.; Ng, T.K.; Zhao, C.; Oubei, H.M.; Shen, C.; Prabaswara, A.; Alias, M.S.; Alhamoud, A.A.; Alatawi, A.A.; Albadri, A.M.; et al. Ultrabroad linewidth orange-emitting nanowires LED for high CRI laser-based white lighting and gigahertz communications. Opt. Express 2016, 24, 19228–19236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. He, M.; Cheng, Y.; Shen, L.; Zhang, H.; Shen, C.; Xiang, W.; Liang, X. Doping manganese into CsPb(Cl/Br)3 quantum dots glasses: Dual-color emission and super thermal stability. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2019, 102, 1090–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Minh, T.H.Q.; Nhan, N.H.K.; Anh, N.D.Q.; Nam, T.T.; Lee, H.-Y. Improving color uniformity and color rending index of remote-phosphor packaging white leds by co-doping SiO2 and Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ particles. Mater. Sci. Pol. 2018, 36, 370–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Khaidukov, N.M.; Hongbin, L. Extended broadband luminescence of dodecahedral multisite Ce3+ ions in garnets {Y3}[MgA](BAlSi)O12 (A = Sc, Ga, Al; B = Ga, Al). Dyes Pigments 2017, 142, 524–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Park, K.; Kim, H.; Shinde, K.N.; Dhoble, S.J. Luminescence Properties of Ces3+ Doped Y3Al5O12 Phosphors Synthesized by Solution Combustion Method for White LEDs. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 679, 63–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Okada, G.; Akatsuka, M.; Yanagida, T. Characterizations of Ce-doped Y4Al2O9 crystals for scintillator Applications. Sens. Mater. 2018, 30, 1547–1554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Jinsheng, L.; Xiumei, H.; Lei, W.; Xudong, S.; Xiwei, Q. Photoluminescence properties of (Y1−xCex)3Al5O12 (x = 0.005–0.03) nanophosphors and transparent ceramic by a homogeneous co-precipitation method. J. Lumin. 2019, 206, 364–369. [Google Scholar]
  48. Osipov, V.V.; Ishchenko, A.V.; Shitov, L.A. Fabrication, optical and scintillation properties of transparent YAG:Ce ceramics. Opt. Mater. 2017, 71, 98–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Materials 12 02095 g001 550
Figure 1. Selected types of white light sources based on wave converters.
Figure 1. Selected types of white light sources based on wave converters.
Materials 12 02095 g001
Materials 12 02095 g002 550
Figure 2. Color diagram scheme International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 (x, y).
Figure 2. Color diagram scheme International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 (x, y).
Materials 12 02095 g002
Materials 12 02095 g003 550
Figure 3. Diagram of assembly for measuring samples 1–10 (a), photographs of measured samples 1–10 (b).
Figure 3. Diagram of assembly for measuring samples 1–10 (a), photographs of measured samples 1–10 (b).
Materials 12 02095 g003
Materials 12 02095 g004 550
Figure 4. Location of samples 1–5 in the CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 1–5 (b).
Figure 4. Location of samples 1–5 in the CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 1–5 (b).
Materials 12 02095 g004
Materials 12 02095 g005 550
Figure 5. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 1–5.
Figure 5. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 1–5.
Materials 12 02095 g005
Materials 12 02095 g006 550
Figure 6. Location of samples 6–10 in CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 6–10 (b).
Figure 6. Location of samples 6–10 in CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 6–10 (b).
Materials 12 02095 g006
Materials 12 02095 g007 550
Figure 7. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 6–10.
Figure 7. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 6–10.
Materials 12 02095 g007
Materials 12 02095 g008 550
Figure 8. Exciting rectangular impulse and rising and falling edges in samples 1–10. (a) Samples 1–5; (b) samples 6–10.
Figure 8. Exciting rectangular impulse and rising and falling edges in samples 1–10. (a) Samples 1–5; (b) samples 6–10.
Materials 12 02095 g008
Materials 12 02095 g009 550
Figure 9. Spectra of samples 1–5 (a) and 6–10 (b).
Figure 9. Spectra of samples 1–5 (a) and 6–10 (b).
Materials 12 02095 g009
Materials 12 02095 g010 550
Figure 10. Location of samples 1–5 in the CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 1–5 (b).
Figure 10. Location of samples 1–5 in the CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 1–5 (b).
Materials 12 02095 g010
Materials 12 02095 g011 550
Figure 11. Location of samples 6–10 in the CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 6–10 (b).
Figure 11. Location of samples 6–10 in the CIE 1931 color diagram (a), and spectra of samples 6–10 (b).
Materials 12 02095 g011
Materials 12 02095 g012 550
Figure 12. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 1–5 with excitation using the LD PL450B.
Figure 12. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 1–5 with excitation using the LD PL450B.
Materials 12 02095 g012
Materials 12 02095 g013 550
Figure 13. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 6–10 with excitation using the LD PL450B.
Figure 13. Measured CRI (a) and CCT (b) values for samples 6–10 with excitation using the LD PL450B.
Materials 12 02095 g013
Table
Table 1. Characteristics of prepared samples 1–10.
Table 1. Characteristics of prepared samples 1–10.
SampleSpeed of Rotation to Prepare the Layer (rpm)Layer Thickness (μm)Weight Ratio YAG:Ce and PDMSWeight Ratio CaS:Eu and PDMS
1400961:20
2450901:20
3500861:20
4550801:20
5600751:20
6400941:21:20
7450901:21:20
8500841:21:20
9550801:21:20
10600741:21:20
PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane.
Table
Table 2. CCT and CRI values and color coordinates for samples 1–5.
Table 2. CCT and CRI values and color coordinates for samples 1–5.
SampleCCT (K)CRI (-)xy
1525065.50.34030.3943
2637570.10.31360.3421
3730772.30.30120.3186
4935075.00.28570.2892
51437777.20.26990.2579
Table
Table 3. CCT and CRI values and color coordinates for samples 6–10.
Table 3. CCT and CRI values and color coordinates for samples 6–10.
SampleCCT (K)CRI (-)xy
6331783.90.42070.4070
7454885.80.35510.3364
8572485.30.32840.3072
9829383.00.30260.2720
101228679.90.28750.2490
Table
Table 4. Rising and falling edge times in samples 1–10.
Table 4. Rising and falling edge times in samples 1–10.
SampleRise Time tr (ns)Fall Time tf (ns)
175.8976.58
272.4873.35
370.3871.29
464.8266.44
558.0558.53
680.2280.79
777.7778.84
874.1575.22
969.2070.02
1065.1665.71
Table
Table 5. CCT, CRI and color coordinates for samples 1–5.
Table 5. CCT, CRI and color coordinates for samples 1–5.
SampleCCT (K)CRI (-)xy
1538461.540.33570.3751
21032869.960.28690.2695
31628369.410.27470.2436
42746066.620.26760.2261
5504878.020.23810.1682
Table
Table 6. CCT, CRI and color coordinates for samples 6–10.
Table 6. CCT, CRI and color coordinates for samples 6–10.
SampleCCT (K)CRI (-)xy
6470377.670.35000.3276
7548277.980.33260.3039
8945072.260.30090.2538
92195666.940.28110.2242
10784876.580.24530.1652

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Jargus, J.; Vitasek, J.; Nedoma, J.; Vasinek, V.; Martinek, R. Effect of Selected Luminescent Layers on CCT, CRI, and Response Times. Materials 2019, 12, 2095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132095

AMA Style

Jargus J, Vitasek J, Nedoma J, Vasinek V, Martinek R. Effect of Selected Luminescent Layers on CCT, CRI, and Response Times. Materials. 2019; 12(13):2095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132095

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jargus, Jan, Jan Vitasek, Jan Nedoma, Vladimir Vasinek, and Radek Martinek. 2019. "Effect of Selected Luminescent Layers on CCT, CRI, and Response Times" Materials 12, no. 13: 2095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132095

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop