5.1. The Biggest Challenges for the TFL Industry for 2018
The greatest challenges faced by the industry in the next two years were identified in 2018 as the improvement of technical infrastructure, automation, and technology development, economic, and social changes, legal regulations, the possibility of entering other markets, organizational changes, and development of intermodal transport.
Table 1 presents the challenges for the next two years, identified by TFL industry managers in 2018 [
28]. The following table, as
Table 2 in which the risks are presented, is based on the results of the survey and conclusions from the debate. The order of the mentioned areas is deliberate and reliant on the number of indications offered by managers.
When analyzing the challenges presented in
Table 1, it can be noticed that legal factors, as well as related issues of increasing the share of intermodal transport and rail transport, constitute the area of managers’ interest. These elements influence the environmental aspects of sustainable development. Such external factors also include the improvement of road infrastructure and the use of new technologies. The above factors contribute to reducing the carbon footprint. However, some, such as the increase in exports or offshoring, may lead to increased negative environmental impact, if they are not accompanied by optimization strategies.
Due to dynamic changes in the macroeconomic and legislative environment, the biggest threats faced by the TFL industry in 2018 were the workforce deficit, the policy of the European Union member states, including Brexit and discussions on the Mobility Package, and the poor condition of road infrastructure (
Table 2).
The phenomenon of the workforce deficit results primarily from the dynamic economic growth, stimulating the creation of new jobs in the economy, unfavorable demographic trends, and changes in pension regulations. The respondents indicated that this is the problem they encounter most often. There is not only a shortage of drivers, but also a shortage of a specialized workforce, which includes warehouse and office workers. Technological changes, in the opinion of company representatives, create not only challenges, but also pose a real threat related to the frequent application of solutions, which omit traditional logistics operators.
As shown in
Table 2, the number of threats perceived by managers in the next two years is significantly greater than the number of challenges. They focus primarily on issues related to international trade and progressive regulations in trade, which limit free access to other markets, and on political factors. From the point of view of sustainable development—one can pay attention to the issue of deteriorating quality of roads and congestion. These factors negatively affect the carbon footprint. However, the problems related to access to cities mentioned by managers have a positive impact on the environment, which has already been measured in cities that have introduced restrictions. A significant threat is the unavailability of employees, both drivers and qualified warehouse and office workers. The above-mentioned issues of a social nature derive from regulations concerning the professional and developmental prospects. It is an important element of sustainable development, which can be described as “decent work”, which is also adequately remunerated, according to the competences held. This is one of the goals listed among the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [
29].
5.2. The Biggest Challenges for the TFL Industry for 2019
Analyzing the challenges and threats that have been put forward by managers in particular years, it can be observed that there are notable changes in comparison to the year 2018.
Table 3 presents the challenges that managers foresee for the TFL industry in Poland, based on the analysis of a survey and statements in an expert debate in 2019 [
30].
In 2019, the focus, in terms of challenges, shifted to issues related to the development of new technologies. Automation and robotization, which are important elements of Industry 4.0, and electric cars, are used to improve logistics processes. The greater use of digital technologies and warehouse management software have similar effects. These activities lead, in the long run, to reducing the workload, reducing the level of wastage associated with downtime, or shortening the time of carrying out specific activities. The released potential of employees who are not forced to perform monotonous and repetitive work can be used for more creative work. This is in line with goals 8 and 9 of the UN Global Compact and Sustainable Development Goals: decent work and economic growth and industry innovation and infrastructure. Among the additional challenges, there is also the possibility of cooperation between competitors. This means the possibility of better use of resources, not only within the enterprise, but also in the supply chain. Moreover, the above-mentioned measures have a positive impact on the environment, inter alia, through better use of the cargo space of trucks, which is currently used in about 60–70% capacity. As a result, the number of cars necessary to handle orders will decrease, and thus the carbon footprint will decrease. However, the challenges related to the macro-environment may pose a threat to sustainable development, especially related to the expected increase in the role of Poland as a transit country. In the absence of regulations in this regard, the number of vehicles traveling on Polish roads may significantly escalate, which will result in increasing pollution, further congestion and noise. The possibility of limiting this scenario is related to the greater use of rail and intermodal transport, which was also reflected in the comments of managers.
Table 4 presents the threats that managers foresee for the TFL industry in Poland, based on the analysis of a survey and statements in the expert debate in 2019.
In reference to the threats mentioned by managers in 2019, attention is focused on the introduction of the mobility package, which changes the conditions of operation of TFL companies on the European market. Polish carriers, thanks to the competitive advantage associated with lower labor costs and a high level of flexibility, are well positioned on the European market in international transport. Recommendations regarding working time, minimum wage rates, and driver’s rest in good conditions, were not strictly followed by carriers from Poland, as in the case of other Eastern European countries. As a result, this limited the ability of TFL companies from Western Europe to compete, which had specific standards related to occupational hygiene. The introduction of the mobility package by regulation resulted in the leveling of competition conditions and was in line with the goals of sustainable development (goal no. 8). However, this made it necessary to take into account the cost increases related to the new regulations. Opponents of the mobility package believe that certain provisions regarding the necessity to return the carrier’s trucks to the country of registration will increase environmental pollution. They are motivated by the necessity to drive an empty vehicle, and thus the increase in the number of vehicles on the road. In the statements of managers, concerns will be observed related to the deterioration of the financial situation of their companies, which are the result of the introduced fiscal solutions, but also the upcoming recession. The inability to freely use employees from other countries, in the absence of qualified employees in Poland, is still a serious threat. The conditions for doing business are changing, and the competition from outside the industry requires companies to develop better working conditions for employees, thus implementing goal no. 8 of the UN Global Compact and Sustainable Development Goals. Restricting entry to cities, another factor in this analysis, is the implementation of goal no. 11: sustainable cities and communities. However, it is perceived as a priority-threat to managers, as potentially contributing to increased costs. The issues of financial liquidity in this industry are a very important factor in making decisions, with a relatively low level of margins (according to own research, at the level of 2–3%).
5.3. Challenges for TFL in 2020
Analyzing the challenges and threats indicated by managers in 2020 (the research was carried out in April 2020), the risks, resulting mainly from the loss of liquidity and the consequences of bankruptcy, economic recession and changes in the processes of international trade flows (intensified protectionist tendencies, closing borders as a result of the pandemic), have become much more apparent than in previous years. Although the level of uncertainty about the future is increasing among managers, at the same time the areas relating to innovation and the Industry 5.0 trend are still regarded as challenges. The dynamic change in the distribution channels used in commerce, resulting in doubling e-commerce transactions, has resulted in a significant increase in the importance of city logistics, “last mile” logistics, and business to customer (B2C) relations. On the side of challenges and threats, consolidation of the industry also often appears (more often as a challenge), as well as a new type of outsourcing, which can be described as “sharing outsourcing” (term coined by the authors). By giving certain areas of their activity to professional, specialized entities, the companies do not want to lose control over them and come up with an indirect solution—co-control.
Table 5 and
Table 6 present in detail the statements of managers on the basis of the analysis of the survey (the debate took place in June 2020) and interviews conducted by the authors with industry representatives [
31].
From the interviews with managers, the greatest challenges for the industry in 2020 seem to be, among others, digitization and technological development, shortening of supply chains as well as the changes in the legal environment in the field of European law. Thus, challenges related to the organizational environment and new technologies dominate this study. As has been shown before, these challenges fit into the concept of sustainable development, especially in goals 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure), 11 (sustainable cities and communities), and 13 (climate action). The threats most frequently mentioned by the industry did not include the threat of a developing pandemic of COVID-19. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the survey was conducted in the first half of 2020, when the situation was uncertain and the changes were dynamic. The main threats that are perceived by managers are related to the macroeconomic situation resulting from the recession and pandemic. The risk of bankruptcy and increasing competition from the Baltic countries are increasing, so financial factors are also dominant. In this situation, fear of takeovers is also growing. It can be concluded that in regards to growing concerns related to financial liquidity, other issues, also related to sustainable development, become less important. The comments of managers show greater pessimism than in previous studies, and the speed of digitization and the growth of e-commerce are perceived as a threat, especially for traditional companies. In this case, goal 13: climate action is not commented on by managers.
When analyzing the challenges and threats that have been presented in the above tables over the last three years, the issues related to sustainable development do not appear directly among the factors mentioned. This means that the analyzed companies do not treat the above areas as significant yet, factored also by the lack of financial instruments at the state level that enforce specific actions in this area. However, some of the areas related to sustainable development appear on both sides (challenges and threats) of this analysis. These are the issues of regulations regarding intermodal transport and support for rail transport as being greener, as well as the mobility package, in which issues related to driver rest and changes in costs related to drivers’ salaries are discussed in the transport sector in Poland.
Among other factors, there are also issues related to entry-restriction to cities in the context of increasing pollution of urban areas [
32] and shortening of the supply chains. The shortening of supply chains is related to the increase in uncertainty regarding supplies mainly from Asian countries, as well as the development of the local purchasing trend in the younger generation. In the subsequent analyzed years, it can also be noticed that the issues of digitization and the associated automation and robotization are becoming increasingly important.
The above factors affect sustainable development by changing working conditions, reducing the burden on employees, but also the need to develop own competences, which may increase the technological gap between younger and older employees.
The summary characteristics of the challenges (
Table 7) and threats (
Table 8), as a part of the challenge, identified in 2018, 2019, and 2020 respectively in the horizon of two years ahead are presented in the tables below.
An interesting area in the case of challenges is the legal environment. It is clear that in both 2018 and 2019, the identified challenge was Brexit. After that time, attention was redirected to dealing with deferral changes in road transport regulation in the European Union. Relations with China and the development of the Silk Road are still important among the macroeconomic challenges. It is also worth paying attention to the shortening of supply chains emerging in 2020 in the context of the threat of the coronavirus pandemic.
The above areas in
Table 8 presenting the consolidated threats in the next two years remain mostly similar over the analyzed years. In 2020, among the threats, appears the risk of bankruptcy of enterprises in the TFL industry, and as a result, an increase in market competition. Concerns are related to the lack of financial liquidity in the customer-enterprise relationship and the increase in prices. The threat of a pandemic and the related restrictions are significantly lowering the mood in the TFL sector.
As previously mentioned, the survey also included a specific area that concerned the sustainable development strategy [
14] within the analyzed enterprises. The results of this section are presented below in order to complete a picture of sustainability in the TFL industry. The authors examined the extent to which the sustainable development strategy is implemented by TFL enterprises in the context of three areas: ecology, ethics, and economy.
Reporting of the sustainable development policy, and thus making it public on the company’s websites, is practiced by 20% of the surveyed companies. Sixty percent of enterprises prepare a report of this type, but do not make it public. Generally, reports are prepared by large foreign corporations, mostly according to Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) standards, and an external consulting company helps in their preparation. These companies also prepare ethical codes. It is interesting from the management point of view to look at the process of creating codes of ethics itself, whether all stakeholders are involved in the process, in particular employees, suppliers and customers, or whether such a code has been defined by the management board. Subsequently, the method of publication of the code and its availability, the so-called good and bad practices based on the particular examples.
The authors analyzed whether the companies that create the reports have better financial results than the others. However, no such relationship was found. The authors hypothesize that, in the long run, such a dependence could occur, but it will be revealed not necessarily through hard financial indicators, but through a lower employee retention rate, a higher level of job satisfaction (when examining employee satisfaction indicators), as well as more durable and transparent bonds with suppliers and customers. At the same time, it is worth adding that young people are more likely to apply to companies that emphasize sustainable development in their mission. The opportunity to pursue their own passions at work, one of which is participation in voluntary projects, is becoming more and more valuable from the youngest generation Z perspective.
However, changes to the above-mentioned areas can only take place if the sustainable development report is actually an element of the company’s operating strategy, not only a declaration, as was the case with international corporations in the USA in 2019 [
33].
Dominating pro-ecological activities among the surveyed companies from the TFL sector include the replacement of rolling stock with the less-polluting environmental one (almost 80% of indications), as well as the consolidation of loads, training of drivers, and increasing intermodal and rail transport. Among the measures taken to reduce waste, there are, e.g., reduction of printing (95% of indications), use of ecological packaging (approx. 50%), segregation of waste and rubbish (95%). Here, the companies with foreign and mixed capital are in the lead too. Almost 60% of companies conduct training in the field of ecology. At the same time, activities are undertaken for the benefit of the local community, mainly consisting in cleaning or tidying up areas near the headquarters of the companies (26%) and others (46%). Other activities include humanitarian actions, cooperation with foundations, local schools (donating equipment, education in local schools and kindergartens, workshops), dialogue sessions, and social campaigns, sponsoring local sports clubs.
As for the share of women in managerial positions among managers, this ratio is 41% for all companies. The index is slightly higher among companies that prepare social reports (but do not publish them)—46%. On the other hand, the share of women as managers in smaller companies with revenues ranging from PLN 10 to 49 million per year (51%), is definitely above average. This may indicate greater flexibility in adapting to the market among smaller companies, as well as in taking up new challenges by female managers in those companies whose owners are also women.
The aim of the present analysis, based on surveys, was to show to what extent the challenges and threats presented in the open (descriptive) part of the survey relate to the issue of sustainable development, which is considered in the block devoted to the above subject. As in the case of the tables, both the persistence of specific challenges and threats, as well as changes in the above-mentioned area, were shown. For comparison, it was decided to present the results of the 2020 survey, showing only the trend. The awareness of companies from the TFL industry in this regard is growing, but still no fundamental changes are visible. Perhaps such changes will take place next year, when business models are forced to adapt, due to the pandemic.