The Impact of Temperature on the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants Typical of Urban Stormwater
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of the Materials
3.2. Heavy Metals
3.2.1. Effect of Temperature at Low Initial Concentrations
3.2.2. Equilibrium Tests
3.3. Biogenic Components
3.3.1. Effect of Temperature at Low Initial Concentrations
3.3.2. Equilibrium Tests
3.4. Thermodynamic Parameters
4. Potential Application of the Study Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter/Material | Specific Surface (m2/g) | Mesopores Volume (Micropore Volume) (cm3/g) | Mesopores Surface (Micropore Surface) (m2/g) | Average Pore Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Activated carbon | 782.67 | 0.510 (0.162) | 177.10 (366.41) | 3.65 |
Diatomite | 29.32 1 | 0.055 | 20.05 | 7.56 |
Zeolite | 33.34 2 | 0.09 | 14.01 | 17.54 |
Limestone sand | 0.91 3 | 0.003 | 0.33 | 13.34 |
Halloysite | 51.41 | 0.193 | 51.18 | 13.64 |
Material/Parameter | Activated Carbon | Diatomite | Zeolite | Limestone Sand | Halloysite |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH (1:5) | 8.68 | 6.48 | 7.20 | 8.27 | 6.58 |
EC (1:2.5) (µS/m) | 0.620 | 0.103 | 0.187 | 0.095 | 0.270 |
CEC (meq/100 g) | 5.97 | 13.88 | 118.02 | 1.12 | 10.76 |
Parameter | Halloysite | Limestone Sand | Zeolite | Activated Carbon | Diatomite |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper | 0.763 (p < 0.00006) | 0.878 (p < 0.000001) | 0.942 (p < 0.00001) | 0.794 (p < 0.00002) | 0.952 (p < 0.00001) |
Zinc | 0.957 (p < 0.00001) | 0.224 (p = 0.3288) | 0.883 (p < 0.000001) | 0.817 (p < 0.00001) | 0.756 (p < 0.00007) |
Ammonium ions | 0.645 (p < 0.0039) | 0.919 (p < 0.00001) | 0.926 (p < 0.00001) | 0.446 (p < 0,0639) | 0.6907 (p < 0.0015) |
Phosphates | 0.878 (p < 0.00001) | 0.470 (p < 0.0489) | 0.938 (p < 0.00001) | 0.854 (p < 0.00001) | 0.897 (p < 0.00001) |
Parameter/Material | KL (R2) | ΔG0 (kJ/mol) | ΔS0 (J/mol·K) | ΔH0 (kJ/mol) | R2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 °C | 10 °C | 22 °C | 40 °C | 3 °C | 10 °C | 22 °C | 40 °C | ||||
Cu | |||||||||||
Diatomite | 0.796 (0.999) | 0.925 (0.997) | 1.119 (0.995) | 1.837 (0.989) | −34.02 | −35.29 | −37.47 | −40.73 | 181.25 | 16.03 | 0.978 |
Zeolite | 0.491 (0.989) | 0.591 (0.968) | 0.719 (0.963) | 0.943 (0.799) | −33.04 | −34.19 | −36.17 | −39.13 | 164.56 | 12.40 | 0.994 |
Activated carbon | 0.701 (0.942) | 2.112 (0.997) | 8.197 (0.999) | 0.701 (0.415) | −33.94 | −37.01 | - | −42.25 | 437.43 | 86.85 | 0.995 |
Limestone sand | 0.224 (0.952) | 0.493 (0.985) | 0.910 (0.995) | 0.929 (0.949) | −31.90 | −33.37 | −35.89 | −39.67 | 210.01 | 26.09 | 0.763 |
Halloysite | 0.588 (0.988) | 1.495 (0.995) | 1.648 (0.987) | 2.370 (0.991) | −34.13 | −35.58 | −38.06 | −41.79 | 207.10 | 23.06 | 0.761 |
Zn | |||||||||||
Diatomite | 0.190 (0.970) | 0.361 (0.987) | 0.763 (0.994) | 1.153 (0.996) | −31.28 | −32.95 | −35.80 | −40.09 | 238.06 | 34.46 | 0.936 |
Zeolite | 0.221 (0.955) | 0.441 (0.985) | 0.609 (0.954) | 2.238 (0.975) | −31.32 | −33.19 | −36.40 | −41.21 | 267.17 | 42.46 | 0.967 |
Activated carbon | 0.611 (0.998) | 0.739 (0.996) | 0.878 (0.996) | 2.375 (0.997) | −33.31 | −34.81 | −37.38 | −41.22 | 213.85 | 25.74 | 0.913 |
Halloysite | 0.219 (0.932) | 0.312 (0.974) | 0.578 (0.977) | 1.613 (0.992) | −31.08 | −32.86 | −35.90 | −40.46 | 253.36 | 38.88 | 0.996 |
NH4-N | |||||||||||
Diatomite | 0.414 (0.982) | 1.698 (0.995) | 4.725 (0.998) | - | −30.14 | −33.04 | −38.01 | - | 414.28 | 84.27 | 0.950 |
Zeolite | 0.128 (0.771) | 0.239 (0.833) | 0.240 (0.781) | - | −27.36 | −28.57 | −30.64 | - | 172.76 | 20.35 | 0.640 |
Activated carbon | 1.526 (0.994) | 1.931 (0.996) | 2.315 (0.996) | - | −32.76 | −33.96 | −36.01 | - | 170.97 | 14.45 | 0.958 |
Limestone sand | 0.468 (0.996) | 0.7262 (0.994) | 1.262 (0.997) | - | −30.03 | −31.68 | −34.51 | - | 235.86 | 35.10 | 0.995 |
Halloysite | 0.522 (0.992) | 0.952 (0.997) | 1.270 (0.999) | - | −30.47 | −32.01 | −34.65 | - | 220.06 | 30.30 | 0.893 |
PO4-P | |||||||||||
Diatomite | 0.048 (0.983) | 0.062 (0.976) | 0.082 (0.983) | - | −28.61 | −29.82 | −31.88 | - | 172.00 | 18.88 | 0.990 |
Zeolite | 0.037 (0.548) | 0.071 (0.735) | 0.119 (0.838) | - | −28.15 | −29.89 | −32.88 | - | 249.15 | 40.65 | 0.958 |
Activated carbon | 0.103 (0.830) | 0.231 (0.928) | 0.246 (0.953) | - | −30.76 | −32.26 | −34.83 | - | 213.97 | 28.32 | 0.688 |
Limestone sand | 0.107 (0.961) | 0.168 (0.951) | 0.294 (0.986) | - | −30.47 | −32.15 | −35.02 | - | 239.29 | 35.61 | 0.996 |
Halloysite | 0.051 (0.783) | 0.113 (0.872) | 0.182 (0.951) | - | −28.98 | −30.82 | −33.99 | - | 263.72 | 43.85 | 0.924 |
Material | Treated Contaminants Load (mg/g) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Zn | NH4-N | PO4-P | |||||
3 °C | 40 °C | 3 °C | 40 °C | 3°C | 22 °C | 3 °C | 22 °C | |
Halloysite | 0.90 | 3.32 | 1.55 | 3.36 | 2.20 | 0.68 | 1.10 | |
Limestone sand | 0.90 | 4.28 | 3.80 | - | 2.00 | 0.60 | ||
Zeolite | 1.35 | 4.05 | 1.58 | 4.18 | >3.00 | 0.60 | ||
Activated carbon | 2.45 | 7.12 | 3.30 | 3.65 | 1.80 | 1.97 | 1.12 | 1.60 |
Diatomite | 1.22 | 3.13 | 1.50 | 3.83 | 2.00 | 0.74 | 0.93 |
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Fronczyk, J.; Mumford, K.A. The Impact of Temperature on the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants Typical of Urban Stormwater. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071273
Fronczyk J, Mumford KA. The Impact of Temperature on the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants Typical of Urban Stormwater. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(7):1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071273
Chicago/Turabian StyleFronczyk, Joanna, and Kathryn A. Mumford. 2019. "The Impact of Temperature on the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants Typical of Urban Stormwater" Applied Sciences 9, no. 7: 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071273