Nanomedicine to Overcome Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Colon and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Increased Efflux of Drugs
2.1. Efflux Pump P-Glycoprotein and Drug Resistance
2.2. Other Efflux Pumps
3. Alteration of Drug Target
3.1. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Pathway
3.2. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway
4. Enhanced DNA Damage Repair
4.1. PARP Related Mechanisms
4.2. MMR Based Mechanisms
5. Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Genes: Evasion and Overexpression
6. RNAs in Drug Resistance
6.1. miRNAs in Colorectal Cancer
6.2. miRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer
7. Epigenetic Alterations
8. Drug Resistance and Tumor Microenvironment
9. Cancer Stem Cells and Drug Resistance
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanoformulation | Drug/Cargo | Efflux pump | CRC/PC | Mechanism to overcome MDR | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gold nanorod coated with three layers: mSiO2, PHIS and TPGS | DOX | P-GP | CRC | PHIS to escape the endocytic pathway and TPGS to inhibit P-GP | [28] |
Liposomes loaded with ACF | DOX | P-GP | CRC | ACF inhibits HIF-1, leading to downregulation of P-GP in hypoxic environment | [29] |
Hydrogel with PEG-coated gold nanorods and TPGS-coated PTX nanocrystals | PTX | P-GP | CRC | TPGS inhibits P-GP | [30] |
Vitamin E succinate-grafted-chitosan oligosaccharide with RGD and TPGS | BU | P-GP | CRC | TPGS and BU inhibits P-GP | [31] |
Lignin NPs functionalized with hyaluronic acid transporting quercetin | IRI | P-GP | CRC | Quercetin inhibits P-GP | [32] |
Nanovectors derived from grapefruit lipids with the LA1 aptamer and siRNA | DOX | P-GP | CRC | Downregulation of P-GP expression | [33] |
Microbubbles transformable into NPs for PDT and imaging | CPT | ABCG2 | CRC | Reduction of ABCG2 expression | [34] |
PEG-PLGA NPs | SN38 | ABCG2 | CRC | Reduced mRNA expression level | [35] |
Curcumin loaded in HP-β-CD | DOX | P-GP | CRC | Curcumin nanoformulation overcomes DOX resistance | [36] |
Polymeric NPs with PEG and PEI | Ce6 | ABCG2 | PC | NPs reduce the ABCG2 efflux of Ce6 | [37] |
pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA NPs | ODNs | P-GP | CRC | Decreased P-GP expression by modulation of NF-κB signalling pathway | [38] |
Poly (aspartic acid) with TAT peptide and PEG | DOX | P-GP | CRC | Inhibition of P-GP efflux activity by size exclusion-effect | [39] |
Nanomicelles with SMA | PTX | P-GP | CRC | Enhance of drug antitumor effect with oral administration | [40] |
Liposomes for PDT with benzoporphyrin derivate | IRI | ABCG2 | PC | Sinergy of PDT and IRI: PDT reduces the efflux of ABCG2 | [41] |
PLGA NPs functionalized with Pluronic F127 and chitosan | CPT | P-GP | CRC | Pluronic F127 and chitosan downregulate MDR1 expression | [42] |
Liposomes coated with hyaluronic acid | Imatinib mesylate | P-GP | CRC | Nanosystem P-GP modulation | [43] |
Pegylated liposomes | ASOs and/or EPR | MDR1, MRP1, MRP2 | CRC | Reduced expression of MDR1, MRP1 and MRP2 | [44] |
Hybrid lipid NPs with AL-HA polymer | IRI | P-GP | CRC | Disruption of ATPase activity and reduction of MDR1 gene expression | [45] |
Inactive phenolato–titanium (IV) complexes | - | P-GP | CRC | Same toxicity in sensitive and resistant tumor cells | [46] |
Liposomes functionalized with specific phage fusion proteins | DOX | P-GP | PC | Same drug accumulation in tumor cells in presence and absence of verapamil | [47] |
Liposomes | NitDOX | P-GP, MRP1 | CRC | Efflux activity reduction by nitration of P-GP and MRP1 with NO released by NitDOX | [48] |
Liposomes with PEG | PTX | P-GP | CRC | Similar antitumor activity in vivo between mice bearing resistant tumor and non-resistant tumor | [49] |
NPs of PEG-PLA functionalized with K237 peptide | PTX | P-GP | CRC | NPs target endothelial cells for antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in resistant tumors | [50] |
Pegylated liposomes | ASOs and/or EPR | P-GP, MRP1,MRP2 | CRC | Similar antitumor activity in resistant and non-resistant tumors | [51] |
PLGA NPs and liposomes | GEM | NS | PC | Increase in GBC cytotoxicity in resistant tumor cell lines | [52] |
Anionic liposomal NPs | DOX | P-GP | CRC | Nanosystems change the amount of P-GP lipid rafts and inhibit efflux activity (glycine 185) | [53] |
PRA nanodrug coated with hyaluronic acid | - | P-GP | CRC | Generation of holes in resistant cells makes them more sensitive to DOX | [54] |
CRC/PAC | Name | Status | Nanotransporter | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DR | |||||
CRC | miR-375-3p | Lipid-coated calcium carbonate with 5-FU | Inhibit TS and enhance chemosensitivity to 5-FU | [136] | |
miR-200 | Peptide-modified liposomes including solid lipid NPs encapsulating IRI | Increase cytotoxity of irinotecan and suppress Wnt/β-Catenin, MDR and EMT pathways | [137] | ||
miR-204-5p | Mesoporous silica NPs assembled with OXA and PEE/HA | Generate a synergisti effect with OXA due to an increased internalization via CD44 receptor | [138] | ||
PEGylated polymer NPs | Inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis | [139] | |||
miR-145 | PEGylated polymer NPs | Produce arrest cell cycle in GO/G1 phase, reduce tumour proliferation, migration and increase apoptosis by supressing c-MYC | [140] | ||
miR-139 | Lipid polymeric NPs including Afatinib | Induce apoptosis, inhibit migration and resistance of cells via suppression of pan-HER tyrosine kinase | [141] | ||
UR | |||||
miR-21 | Fluorescent nanodiamond | Activates PDCD4 and TIMP3 genes resulting in a decrease of cell invasion, migration an induction of apoptosis | [142] | ||
miR-155 | Mesoporous silica NPs with polymerized dopamine and AS1411 aptamer | Decrease tumour growth by targeting AS1411 target (Nucleolin) | [143] | ||
DR | |||||
PAC | miR-150 | poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)-based nanoformulation | Supress tumour growth, motility and invasion by decreasing MUC4 and HER2 expression | [144] | |
miR-145 | Magnetic NP formulation | Inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion by reducing MUC13, HER2 and pAKT expression | [145] | ||
miR-216b | Palmityl-oleyl-phosphatidylcholine liposomes conjugated with cell penetrating peptide | Engage AGO2 to promote the silencing of KRAS which decrease the cell proliferation and the capacity of colony formation | [146] | ||
miR-211 | Chimeric peptide with Plectin-1 target peptides | Decrease USP99X expression and enhance DOX induced apoptosis and autophagy | [147] | ||
miR-9 | Chimeric peptide with plectin-1 target peptides | Improve the effect of DOX through downregulating eIF2 expression which induce apoptosis | [148] | ||
miR-873 | Nanoliposomes | Suppress cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenesis by inhibiting the KRAS/ERK/PI3K pathways | [149] | ||
miR-634 | Lipid NPs | Decrease the cellular proliferation by inducing apoptosis through targeting XIAP, APIP, BIRC5 | [150] | ||
UP | |||||
miR-210 | Cholesterol NPs with CXCR4 antagonist | Modulation of tumour microenvironment and inhibition of metastasis | [151] | ||
miR-21 | PEG-PE magnetic iron oxide NPs delivered with GEM and coated of anti-CD44v6 | Inhibit proliferation and metastasis by increasing PDCD4 and PTEN gene expression | [152] | ||
miR-21-5P | Tumour penetrating NPs | Decrease the proliferation and induce apoptosis by targeting KRAS gene | [153] |
Identifier | Drug/Cargo | Clinical Phase | PAC/CRC |
---|---|---|---|
NCT02178436 | Selinor + GEM + nab-paclitaxel | Phase Ib | PAC |
NCT02010567 | CRLX101-capecitabine + radiotherapy | Phase I/II | CRC |
NCT00081549 | Aroplatin (liposomal NDDP) + GEM | Phase I/II | PAC |
NCT00043199 | Aroplatin (liposomal NDDP) | Phase II | CRC |
NCT00081536 | Aroplatin + capecitabine | Phase I/II | CRC |
NCT03883919 | IRI+5-FU/LV + paricalcitol | Pilot Study | PAC |
NCT03337087 | Liposomes transporting IRI, 5-FU, LV and rucaparib | Phase I/II | PAC and CRC |
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Ortíz, R.; Quiñonero, F.; García-Pinel, B.; Fuel, M.; Mesas, C.; Cabeza, L.; Melguizo, C.; Prados, J. Nanomedicine to Overcome Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Colon and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress. Cancers 2021, 13, 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092058
Ortíz R, Quiñonero F, García-Pinel B, Fuel M, Mesas C, Cabeza L, Melguizo C, Prados J. Nanomedicine to Overcome Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Colon and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress. Cancers. 2021; 13(9):2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092058
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtíz, Raúl, Francisco Quiñonero, Beatriz García-Pinel, Marco Fuel, Cristina Mesas, Laura Cabeza, Consolación Melguizo, and Jose Prados. 2021. "Nanomedicine to Overcome Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Colon and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress" Cancers 13, no. 9: 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092058