The Effect of Logistics Performance Index Indicators on Palm Oil and Palm-Based Products Export: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- RQ1: How does the LPI of palm oil affect the export of the main producer and exporter countries?
- RQ2: How does the LPI of palm-based products affect the export of the main producer and exporter countries?
- RQ3: How does the LPI of palm oil products affect the export of the main producer and exporter countries to emerging and developing countries?
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Exporter Countries | Partner |
---|---|
Indonesia | Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, China, Hong Kong SAR, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Dem. Rep Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Rep., Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Iraq, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Rep. of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Isds, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, and Vietnam (111 countries). |
Malaysia | Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, China, Hong Kong SAR, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Rep., Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Dem. Rep., Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro. Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Rep. of Korea, Rep. of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Isds, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam (121 countries). |
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Name of Classification | HS Code |
---|---|
Palm Oil and Kernel (Crude and Refined) | 1511, 151321, and 151329 |
Palm-Based Products | 1517, 1902, 2105, 40590, 2936, 47, 48, 3215, 3304, 3401, 3402, 3403, 3405, 3909, 3101, 3826, 230660, 270120, and 960990 |
Indicators | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
EXP_PO | Export value of palm oil with crude and in a refined form in US dollars | UN Comtrade |
EXP_POB | Export value of palm-based products in US dollars | UN Comtrade |
EXP_SUM | Total export value of palm oil and palm-based products in US dollars | UN Comtrade |
Log(GDPi) | Natural logarithm of GDP in the exporter country | World Bank |
Log(GDPj) | Natural logarithm of GDP in the importer countries | World Bank |
Log(DIS) | Geographical distance between the capital cities of exporter country i and partner country j in kilometers | Time and Date (https://www.timeanddate.com/), accesed on 19 July 2022 |
LPI | LPI is based on a worldwide study of over 5000 international freight forwarding and logistics firms, which has six categories—competence and quality (CQL), customs (C), timeliness (T), shipments (SHIP), tracking and tracing (TT), and infrastructure (INFS). These component indices have a range of 0 to 5, with 0 being the worst and 5 being the greatest. | World Bank |
WTO | Dummy variable with a value of 1 if the exporter and importer countries are members of WTO and 0 otherwise. | World Trade Organization |
PTA | Dummy variable with a value of 1 if the exporter and importer countries have a PTA and 0 otherwise. | Asia Regional Integration Center |
BOR | Dummy variable with a value of 1 if the exporter and importer countries share a common border and 0 otherwise. | World Atlas Website |
REL | Dummy variable with a value of 1 if the exporter and importer countries have a dominant Muslim population and 0 otherwise. | CIA (The World Fact Book) |
Variables | Indonesia (N = 555) | Malaysia (N = 605) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Max | Min | Std Dev | Mean | Max | Min | Std Dev | |
VO_EXP | 1.47 × 108 | 5.00 × 109 | 0 | 4.95 × 108 | 9.09 × 107 | 2.85 × 109 | 0 | 2.88 × 108 |
POB_EXP | 7.47 × 107 | 3.37 × 109 | 0 | 2.24 × 108 | 2.30 × 107 | 4.44 × 108 | 0 | 5.32 × 107 |
LOG(GDPi) | 27.529 | 27.672 | 27.350 | 0.104 | 26.464 | 26.606 | 26.265 | 0.117 |
LOG(GDPj) | 25.273 | 30.657 | 20.557 | 2.054 | 25.185 | 30.657 | 20.557 | 2.038 |
LOG(DIS) | 9.088 | 9.894 | 6.786 | 0.548 | 8.994 | 9.887 | 5.756 | 0.656 |
CQLi | 2.926 | 3.210 | 2.470 | 0.257 | 3.380 | 3.466 | 3.300 | 0.066 |
CQLj | 2.915 | 4.320 | 1.394 | 0.626 | 2.904 | 4.320 | 1.394 | 0.629 |
Ci | 2.638 | 2.870 | 2.430 | 0.150 | 3.165 | 3.368 | 2.900 | 0.160 |
Cj | 2.769 | 4.208 | 1.111 | 0.617 | 2.757 | 4.208 | 1.111 | 0.619 |
SHIPi | 2.959 | 3.230 | 2.820 | 0.144 | 3.475 | 3.644 | 3.350 | 0.101 |
SHIPj | 2.932 | 4.180 | 1.363 | 0.512 | 2.924 | 4.235 | 1.363 | 0.513 |
Ti | 3.546 | 3.670 | 3.460 | 0.083 | 3.750 | 3.917 | 3.460 | 0.171 |
Tj | 3.385 | 4.520 | 2.024 | 0.575 | 3.380 | 4.796 | 2.024 | 0.577 |
TTi | 3.098 | 3.300 | 2.770 | 0.178 | 3.411 | 3.582 | 3.150 | 0.158 |
TTj | 3.005 | 4.378 | 1.560 | 0.633 | 2.997 | 4.378 | 1.560 | 0.637 |
INFSi | 2.707 | 2.919 | 2.540 | 0.166 | 3.417 | 3.559 | 3.150 | 0.141 |
INFSj | 2.849 | 4.439 | 1.238 | 0.713 | 2.832 | 4.439 | 1.238 | 0.712 |
WTO | 0.910 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.287 | 0.916 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.278 |
PTA | 0.458 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.499 | 0.580 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.494 |
BOR | 0.063 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.243 | 0.033 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.179 |
REL | 0.270 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.445 | 0.281 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.450 |
Variables | CQL | C | SHIP | T | TT | INFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 2.526 *** | −12.316 *** | −56.634 *** | −10.435 *** | 102.7406 *** | −23.514 *** |
Ln(GDPi) | 0.362 *** | 0.898 *** | 2.720 *** | 0.901 *** | −3.584 *** | 1.317 *** |
Ln(GDPj) | 0.683 *** | 0.684 *** | 0.683 *** | 0.729 *** | 0.714 *** | 0.710 *** |
Ln(Dis) | −1.575 *** | −1.560 *** | −1.632 *** | −1.523 *** | −1.525 *** | −1.521 *** |
CQLi | 0.414 *** | |||||
CQLj | −0.331 *** | |||||
Ci | 0.514 *** | |||||
Cj | −0.452 *** | |||||
SHIPi | −1.285 *** | |||||
SHIPj | −0.412 *** | |||||
Ti | −0.232 *** | |||||
Tj | −0.773 *** | |||||
TTi | 2.884 *** | |||||
TTj | −0.536 *** | |||||
INFSi | −0.030 *** | |||||
INFSj | −0.421 *** | |||||
WTO | 2.240 *** | 2.273 *** | 2.232 *** | 2.415 | 2.348 *** | 2.321 *** |
PTA | −0.229 *** | −0.201 *** | −0.223 *** | −0.195 *** | −0.222 *** | −0.213 *** |
BOR | −1.551 *** | −1.460 *** | −1.612 *** | −1.358 *** | −1.403 *** | −1.416 *** |
REL | 0.555 *** | 0.501 *** | 0.579 *** | 0.494 *** | 0.513 *** | 0.566 *** |
N | 555 | 555 | 555 | 555 | 555 | 555 |
R-Squared | 0.264 | 0.255 | 0.281 | 0.272 | 0.252 | 0.225 |
Likelihood Ratio (LR) | 1.74 × 1011 | 1.76 × 1011 | 1.73 × 1011 | 1.78 × 1011 | 1.77 × 1011 | 1.76 × 1011 |
Variables | CQL | C | SHIP | T | TT | INFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −10.857 *** | −17.191 *** | −8.949 *** | 8.459 *** | −44.034 *** | −13.675 *** |
Ln(GDPi) | 0.557 *** | 0.796 *** | 0.493 *** | −0.331 *** | 1.844 *** | 0.661 *** |
Ln(GDPj) | 0.740 *** | 0.738 *** | 0.724 *** | 0.755 *** | 0.744 *** | 0.736 *** |
Ln(Dis) | −0.802 *** | −0.802 *** | −0.816 *** | −0.777 *** | −0.788 *** | −0.807 *** |
CQLi | 0.176 *** | |||||
CQLj | −0.161 *** | |||||
Ci | 0.132 *** | |||||
Cj | −0.181 *** | |||||
SHIPi | 0.209 *** | |||||
SHIPj | −0.053 *** | |||||
Ti | 1.620 *** | |||||
Tj | −0.374 *** | |||||
TTi | −0.610 *** | |||||
TTj | −0.194 *** | |||||
INFSi | 0.163 *** | |||||
INFSj | −0.096 *** | |||||
WTO | 0.525 *** | 0.526 *** | 0.464 *** | 0.632 *** | 0.552 *** | 0.500 *** |
PTA | 0.644 *** | 0.651 *** | 0.648 *** | 0.686 *** | 0.645 *** | 0.644 *** |
BOR | 0.175 *** | 0.190 *** | 0.127 *** | 0.227 *** | 0.201 *** | 0.153 *** |
REL | 0.328 *** | 0.309 *** | 0.354 *** | 0.286 *** | 0.321 *** | 0.347 *** |
N | 555 | 555 | 555 | 555 | 555 | 555 |
R-Squared | 0.692 | 0.694 | 0.693 | 0.702 | 0.689 | 0.693 |
Likelihood Ratio (LR) | 9.42 × 1010 | 9.43 × 1010 | 9.40 × 1010 | 9.51 × 1010 | 9.43 × 1010 | 9.41 × 1010 |
Variables | CQL | C | SHIP | T | TT | INFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 18.659 *** | 13.251 *** | 21.754 *** | 9.428 *** | 17.219 *** | −4.532 *** |
Ln(GDPi) | −0.885 *** | −0.384 *** | −0.561 *** | −0.284 *** | −0.569 *** | 0.251 *** |
Ln(GDPj) | 0.586 *** | 0.574 *** | 0.560 *** | 0.640 *** | 0.612 *** | 0.600 *** |
Ln(Dis) | −0.543 *** | −0.544 | −0.625 *** | −0.493 *** | −0.493 *** | −0.535 *** |
CQLi | 3.326 *** | |||||
CQLj | −0.533 *** | |||||
Ci | 1.199 *** | |||||
Cj | −0.609 *** | |||||
SHIPi | 0.249 *** | |||||
SHIPj | −0.465 *** | |||||
Ti | 1.256 *** | |||||
Tj | −1.100 *** | |||||
TTi | 1.099 *** | |||||
TTj | −0.717 *** | |||||
INFSi | 1.124 *** | |||||
INFSj | −0.517 *** | |||||
WTO | 2.040 *** | 2.002 *** | 2.007 *** | 2.109 *** | 2.062 *** | 2.025 *** |
PTA | 1.053 *** | 1.183 *** | 0.958 *** | 1.285 *** | 1.158 *** | 1.093 *** |
BOR | −0.486 *** | −0.491 *** | −0.623 *** | −0.332 *** | −0.363 *** | −0.544 *** |
REL | 0.248 *** | 0.162 *** | 0.333 *** | 0.109 *** | 0.165 *** | 0.251 *** |
N | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 |
R-Square | 0.273 | 0.282 | 0.265 | 0.311 | 0.273 | 0.245 |
Likelihood Ratio (LR) | 9.74 × 1010 | 9.80 × 1010 | 9.33 × 1010 | 1.02 × 1011 | 9.84 × 1010 | 9.69 × 1010 |
Variables | CQL | C | SHIP | T | TT | INFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −6.674 *** | −7.204 *** | −8.077 *** | −14.516 *** | −8.154 *** | −7.403 *** |
Ln(GDPi) | 0.617 *** | 0.677 *** | 0.683 *** | 0.935 *** | 0.721 *** | 0.698 *** |
Ln(GDPj) | 0.449 *** | 0.457 *** | 0.448 *** | 0.458 *** | 0.447 *** | 0.443 *** |
Ln(Dis) | −0.847 *** | −0.835 *** | −0.833 *** | −0.843 *** | −0.853 *** | −0.835 *** |
CQLi | 0.466 *** | |||||
CQLj | 0.236 *** | |||||
Ci | 0.082 *** | |||||
Cj | 0.238 *** | |||||
SHIPi | 0.171 *** | |||||
SHIPj | 0.431 *** | |||||
Ti | 0.227 *** | |||||
Tj | 0.176 *** | |||||
TTi | 0.108 *** | |||||
TTj | 0.248 *** | |||||
INFSi | 0.078 *** | |||||
INFSj | 0.229 *** | |||||
WTO | −0.160 *** | −0.156 *** | −0.198 *** | −0.160 *** | −0.172 *** | −0.161 *** |
PTA | 0.666 *** | 0.643 *** | 0.610 *** | 0.703 *** | 0.661 *** | 0.654 *** |
BOR | 0.232 *** | 0.253 *** | 0.234 *** | 0.264 *** | 0.221 *** | 0.269 *** |
REL | 0.150 *** | 0.174 *** | 0.199 *** | 0.084 *** | 0.148 *** | 0.163 *** |
N | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 | 605 |
R-Square | 0.797 | 0.793 | 0.805 | 0.791 | 0.796 | 0.795 |
Likelihood Ratio (LR) | 2.90 × 1010 | 2.90 × 1011 | 2.91 × 1010 | 2.89 × 1010 | 2.89 × 1010 | 2.90 × 1010 |
Variables | CQL | C | SHIP | T | TT | INFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 4.534 *** | −8.206 *** | −23.033 *** | −7.671 *** | 19.041 *** | −10.707 *** |
Ln(GDPi) | 0.356 *** | 0.781 *** | 1.378 *** | 0.673 *** | −0.273 *** | 0.896 *** |
Ln(GDPj) | 0.574 *** | 0.614 *** | 0.611 *** | 0.651 *** | 0.614 *** | 0.607 *** |
Ln(Dis) | −1.449 *** | −1.386 *** | −1.391 *** | −1.326 *** | −1.391 *** | −1.386 *** |
CQLi | 0.164 *** | |||||
CQLj | 0.382 *** | |||||
Ci | 0.184 *** | |||||
Cj | 0.159 *** | |||||
SHIPi | −0.373 *** | |||||
SHIPj | −0.165 *** | |||||
Ti | 0.618 *** | |||||
Tj | −0.168 *** | |||||
TTi | 0.752 *** | |||||
TTj | 0.120 *** | |||||
INFSi | 0.022 *** | |||||
INFSj | 0.119 *** | |||||
WTO | 1.156 *** | 1.265 *** | 1.274 *** | 1.408 *** | 1.272 *** | 1.265 *** |
PTA | 0.207 *** | 0.208 *** | 0.214 *** | 0.265 *** | 0.226 *** | 0.230 *** |
BOR | −1.263 *** | −1.125 *** | −1.146 *** | −0.976 *** | −1.124 *** | −1.115 *** |
REL | −0.016 *** | 0.046 *** | 0.049 *** | 0.099 *** | 0.053 *** | 0.029 *** |
N | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
R-Squared | 0.675 | 0.631 | 0.628 | 0.58 | 0.624 | 0.626 |
Likelihood Ratio (LR) | 2.45 × 1011 | 2.43 × 1011 | 2.43 × 1011 | 2.43 × 1011 | 2.43 × 1011 | 2.43 × 1011 |
Variables | CQL | C | SHIP | T | TT | INFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 16.290 *** | 11.400 *** | 18.364 *** | 2.223 *** | 11.171 *** | −1.286 *** |
Ln(GDPi) | −0.722 *** | −0.302 *** | −0.477 *** | −0.014 *** | −0.313 *** | 0.164 *** |
Ln(GDPj) | 0.529 *** | 0.530 *** | 0.515 *** | 0.594 *** | 0.549 *** | 0.540 *** |
Ln(Dis) | −0.344 *** | −0.343 *** | −0.354 *** | −0.287 *** | −0.322 *** | −0.334 *** |
CQLi | 2.649 *** | |||||
CQLj | −0.124 *** | |||||
Ci | 0.906 *** | |||||
Cj | −0.209 *** | |||||
SHIPi | 0.191 *** | |||||
SHIPj | −0.032 *** | |||||
Ti | 1.047 *** | |||||
Tj | −0.725 *** | |||||
TTi | 0.876 *** | |||||
TTj | −0.302 *** | |||||
INFSi | 0.825 *** | |||||
INFSj | −0.182 *** | |||||
WTO | 1.189 *** | 1.198 *** | 1.150 *** | 1.331 *** | 1.230 *** | 1.199 *** |
PTA | 1.380 *** | 1.427 *** | 1.353 *** | 1.533 *** | 1.429 *** | 1.402 *** |
BOR | −0.146 *** | −0.162 *** | −0.147 *** | −0.084 *** | −0.113 *** | −0.174 *** |
REL | −0.148 *** | −0.160 *** | −0.146 *** | −0.168 *** | −0.161 *** | −0.132 *** |
N | 440 | 440 | 440 | 440 | 440 | 440 |
R-Squared | 0.509 | 0.491 | 0.481 | 0.48 | 0.484 | 0.471 |
Likelihood Ratio (LR) | 9.94 × 1010 | 9.91 × 1010 | 9.80 × 1010 | 1.02 × 1011 | 9.92 × 1010 | 9.86 × 1010 |
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Suroso, A.I. The Effect of Logistics Performance Index Indicators on Palm Oil and Palm-Based Products Export: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia. Economies 2022, 10, 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10100261
Suroso AI. The Effect of Logistics Performance Index Indicators on Palm Oil and Palm-Based Products Export: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia. Economies. 2022; 10(10):261. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10100261
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuroso, Arif Imam. 2022. "The Effect of Logistics Performance Index Indicators on Palm Oil and Palm-Based Products Export: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia" Economies 10, no. 10: 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10100261