Assessment of Back-Squat Performance at Submaximal Loads: Is the Reliability Affected by the Variable, Exercise Technique, or Repetition Criterion?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Data Acquisition
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Load (% 1RM) | Session 1 (Mean ± SD) | Session 2 (Mean ± SD) | SEM (95% CI) | CV (%) (95% CI) | ICC (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | ||
Mean velocity (m·s−1) | 45 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.06 | 0.75 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 3.99 (3.13, 5.50) | 4.90 (3.84, 6.76) | 0.59 (0.26, 0.79) | 0.58 (0.25, 0.79) |
55 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 0.68 ± 0.04 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 4.50 (3.53, 6.21) | 4.81 (3.78, 6.65) | 0.62 (0.32, 0.81) | 0.62 (0.31, 0.81) | |
65 | 0.60 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 0.61 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 4.28 (3.36, 5.91) | 5.32 (4.17, 7.34) | 0.69 (0.42, 0.85) | 0.59 (0.27, 0.79) | |
75 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.05 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 5.65 (4.43, 7.80) | 5.43 (4.26, 7.49) | 0.69 (0.42, 0.85) | 0.73 (0.48, 0.87) | |
85 | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 6.05 (4.74, 8.35) | 6.93 (5.44, 9.57) | 0.68 (0.40, 0.84) | 0.67 (0.38, 0.84) | |
Mean power (W) | 45 | 454 ± 93 | 435 ± 95 | 443 ± 88 | 427 ± 90 | 20.2 (15.8, 27.8) | 21.8 (17.1, 30.1) | 4.49 (3.52, 6.20) | 5.06 (3.97, 6.99) | 0.95 (0.90, 0.98) | 0.95 (0.89, 0.98) |
55 | 505 ± 114 | 481 ± 105 | 494 ± 108 | 475 ± 105 | 33.2 (26.1, 45.9) | 21.6 (17.0, 29.9) | 6.65 (5.22, 9.18) | 4.53 (3.55, 6.25) | 0.92 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.96 (0.91, 0.98) | |
65 | 519 ± 115 | 502 ± 116 | 527 ± 108 | 502 ± 104 | 23.0 (18.0, 31.7) | 24.9 (19.5, 34.3) | 4.39 (3.45, 6.07) | 4.96 (3.89, 6.84) | 0.96 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.95 (0.90, 0.98) | |
75 | 539 ± 124 | 514 ± 121 | 547 ± 118 | 519 ± 107 | 29.2 (22.9, 40.4) | 24.6 (19.3, 33.9) | 5.39 (4.22, 7.44) | 4.76 (3.73, 6.57) | 0.95 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.96 (0.91, 0.98) | |
85 | 518 ± 105 | 487 ± 105 | 515 ± 114 | 483 ± 105 | 32.5 (25.5, 44.8) | 33.3 (26.1, 46.0) | 6.28 (4.93, 8.67) | 6.87 (5.39, 9.48) | 0.92 (0.83, 0.96) | 0.91 (0.80, 0.96) | |
Peak velocity (m·s−1) | 45 | 1.34 ± 0.11 | 1.27 ± 0.12 | 1.33 ± 0.10 | 1.28 ± 0.10 | 0.06 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 4.73 (3.71, 6.53) | 4.77 (3.74, 6.59) | 0.64 (0.35, 0.82) | 0.72 (0.46, 0.86) |
55 | 1.24 ± 0.10 | 1.19 ± 0.09 | 1.23 ± 0.10 | 1.19 ± 0.09 | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) | 3.89 (3.05, 5.37) | 3.99 (3.13, 5.50) | 0.77 (0.56, 0.89) | 0.77 (0.54, 0.89) | |
65 | 1.14 ± 0.10 | 1.11 ± 0.11 | 1.18 ± 0.08 | 1.13 ± 0.08 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 4.93 (3.87, 6.80) | 5.29 (4.14, 7.30) | 0.60 (0.28, 0.80) | 0.62 (0.31, 0.81) | |
75 | 1.07 ± 0.11 | 1.03 ± 0.11 | 1.11 ± 0.08 | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 5.60 (4.39, 7.73) | 5.68 (4.45, 7.83) | 0.65 (0.35, 0.82) | 0.65 (0.35, 0.82) | |
85 | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.10 | 1.01 ± 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.10 | 0.06 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | 6.48 (5.08, 8.95) | 7.22 (5.66, 9.97) | 0.52 (0.18, 0.75) | 0.54 (0.20, 0.76) | |
Peak power (W) | 45 | 984 ± 226 | 917 ± 229 | 959 ± 213 | 910 ± 210 | 62.8 (49.2, 86.6) | 59.2 (46.5, 81.8) | 6.46 (5.07, 8.92) | 6.49 (5.09, 8.95) | 0.92 (0.84, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.86, 0.97) |
55 | 1097 ± 273 | 1024 ± 251 | 1060 ± 247 | 1010 ± 240 | 79.5 (62.4, 109.8) | 58.2 (45.6, 80.3) | 7.37 (5.78, 10.18) | 5.72 (4.49, 7.90) | 0.91 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.89, 0.98) | |
65 | 1166 ± 271 | 1110 ± 271 | 1195 ± 251 | 1133 ± 248 | 87.1 (68.3, 120.2) | 75.2 (59.0, 103.8) | 7.38 (5.78, 10.18) | 6.71 (5.26, 9.26) | 0.90 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.84, 0.96) | |
75 | 1245 ± 309 | 1183 ± 301 | 1267 ± 282 | 1206 ± 261 | 94.9 (74.4, 131.0) | 83.3 (65.4, 115.0) | 7.55 (5.92, 10.43) | 6.98 (5.47, 9.63) | 0.90 (0.80, 0.96) | 0.92 (0.83, 0.96) | |
85 | 1266 ± 290 | 1197 ± 285 | 1311 ± 304 | 1237 ± 275 | 110.0 (86.2, 151.8) | 105.2 (82.5, 145.3) | 8.53 (6.69, 11.78) | 8.65 (6.78, 11.94) | 0.87 (0.74, 0.94) | 0.87 (0.73, 0.94) |
Variable | Load (% 1RM) | Session 1 (Mean ± SD) | Session 2 (Mean ± SD) | SEM (95% CI) | CV (%) (95% CI) | ICC (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | Best Score | Average Score | ||
Mean velocity (m·s−1) | 45 | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.74 ± 0.07 | 0.78 ± 0.06 | 0.75 ± 0.06 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | 5.31 (4.16, 7.32) | 5.95 (4.66, 8.21) | 0.62 (0.31, 0.81) | 0.59 (0.26, 0.79) |
55 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.70 ± 0.05 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 5.11 (4.01, 7.05) | 5.24 (4.11, 7.23) | 0.63 (0.33, 0.81) | 0.64 (0.34, 0.82) | |
65 | 0.63 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | 0.66 ± 0.06 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.03 (0.03, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.03, 0.05) | 5.35 (4.20, 7.38) | 5.60 (4.39, 7.73) | 0.73 (0.49, 0.87) | 0.69 (0.43, 0.85) | |
75 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.55 ± 0.06 | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | 5.74 (4.50, 7.92) | 5.89 (4.62, 8.14) | 0.74 (0.50, 0.88) | 0.74 (0.51, 0.88) | |
85 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.45 ± 0.05 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 8.28 (6.49, 11.42) | 8.63 (6.77, 11.91) | 0.61 (0.29, 0.80) | 0.60 (0.29, 0.80) | |
Mean power (W) | 45 | 467 ± 106 | 446 ± 99 | 468 ± 98 | 450 ± 98± | 29.1 (22.8, 40.2) | 27.4 (21.5, 37.8) | 6.23 (4.88, 8.60) | 6.11 (4.79, 8.44) | 0.92 (0.84, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.85, 0.97) |
55 | 519 ± 116 | 500 ± 112 | 525 ± 106 | 507 ± 103 | 32.4 (25.4, 44.7) | 31.5 (24.7, 43.5) | 6.20 (4.86, 8.56) | 6.26 (4.91, 8.64) | 0.92 (0.83, 0.96) | 0.92 (0.83, 0.96) | |
65 | 545 ± 131 | 527 ± 128 | 566 ± 130 | 547 ± 124 | 29.8 (23.3, 41.1) | 29.3 (23.0, 40.5) | 5.35 (4.20, 7.39) | 5.46 (4.28, 7.54) | 0.95 (0.90, 0.98) | 0.95 (0.89, 0.98) | |
75 | 556 ± 133 | 532 ± 130 | 564 ± 131 | 544 ± 128 | 32.7 (25.7, 45.2) | 32.0 (25.1, 44.2) | 5.85 (4.59, 8.07) | 5.95 (4.67, 8.22) | 0.94 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.94 (0.88, 0.97) | |
85 | 517 ± 137 | 485 ± 131 | 542 ± 122 | 511 ± 114 | 48.2 (37.8, 66.5) | 46.4 (36.4, 64.0) | 9.10 (7.14, 12.57) | 9.31 (7.31, 12.86) | 0.87 (0.73, 0.94) | 0.87 (0.73, 0.94) | |
Peak velocity (m·s−1) | 45 | 1.31 ± 0.14 | 1.26 ± 0.14 | 1.32 ± 0.11 | 1.25 ± 0.10 | 0.07 (0.06, 0.10) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.10) | 5.44 (4.26, 7.50) | 5.96 (4.67, 8.23) | 0.68 (0.40, 0.84) | 0.63 (0.33, 0.82) |
55 | 1.22 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.12 | 1.24 ± 0.09 | 1.20 ± 0.09 | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 5.40 (4.24, 7.46) | 5.02 (3.94, 6.93) | 0.65 (0.36, 0.83) | 0.72 (0.46, 0.86)) | |
65 | 1.14 ± 0.10 | 1.10 ± 0.11 | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 1.14 ± 0.09 | 0.05 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 4.70 (3.68, 6.48) | 5.12 (4.02, 7.07) | 0.69 (0.41, 0.85) | 0.69 (0.42, 0.85) | |
75 | 1.06 ± 0.11 | 1.02 ± 0.11 | 1.10 ± 0.10 | 1.05 ± 0.11 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.09) | 5.30 (4.16, 7.31) | 5.96 (4.67, 8.22) | 0.73 (0.48, 0.87) | 0.69 (0.43, 0.85) | |
85 | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.14 | 1.00 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.11 | 0.06 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.11) | 6.44 (5.05, 8.90) | 8.50 (6.66, 11.73) | 0.69 (0.42, 0.85) | 0.60 (0.29, 0.80) | |
Peak power (W) | 45 | 951 ± 252 | 893 ± 235 | 955 ± 212 | 891 ± 207 | 76.4 (59.9, 105.4) | 76.0 (59.6, 105.0) | 8.01 (6.28, 11.06) | 8.52 (6.69, 11.77) | 0.90 (0.79, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.77, 0.95) |
55 | 1043 ± 259 | 987 ± 249 | 1062 ± 230 | 1010 ± 219 | 84.2 (66.0, 116.2) | 75.1 (58.9, 103.7) | 8.00 (6.27, 11.04) | 7.53 (5.90, 10.39) | 0.89 (0.77, 0.95) | 0.90 (0.80, 0.96) | |
65 | 1142 ± 265 | 1081 ± 263 | 1185 ± 245 | 1133 ± 241 | 55.4 (43.4, 76.5) | 67.0 (52.6, 92.5) | 4.76 (3.73, 6.57) | 6.05 (4.75, 8.35) | 0.96 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.93 (0.86, 0.97) | |
75 | 1214 ± 297 | 1149 ± 277 | 1256 ± 262 | 1187 ± 251 | 80.6 (63.2, 111.3) | 86.8 (69.1, 119.8) | 6.53 (5.12, 9.01) | 7.43 (5.82, 10.25) | 0.92 (0.84, 0.96) | 0.90 (0.79, 0.95) | |
85 | 1197 ± 303 | 1137 ± 312 | 1270 ± 248 | 1192 ± 249 | 98.2 (77.0, 135.5) | 119.8 (93.9, 165.3) | 7.96 (6.24, 10.99) | 10.29 (8.07, 14.20) | 0.88 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.66, 0.92) |
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Pérez-Castilla, A.; Janicijevic, D.; Akyildiz, Z.; Senturk, D.; García-Ramos, A. Assessment of Back-Squat Performance at Submaximal Loads: Is the Reliability Affected by the Variable, Exercise Technique, or Repetition Criterion? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094626
Pérez-Castilla A, Janicijevic D, Akyildiz Z, Senturk D, García-Ramos A. Assessment of Back-Squat Performance at Submaximal Loads: Is the Reliability Affected by the Variable, Exercise Technique, or Repetition Criterion? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094626
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Castilla, Alejandro, Danica Janicijevic, Zeki Akyildiz, Deniz Senturk, and Amador García-Ramos. 2021. "Assessment of Back-Squat Performance at Submaximal Loads: Is the Reliability Affected by the Variable, Exercise Technique, or Repetition Criterion?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094626