The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure and Function of the Insect Intestine
3. The Physical Defense System of the Insect Intestine
3.1. Peritrophic Membrane
3.2. Mucus
3.3. Other Physical and Chemical Barriers
4. Gut Microbes
5. Intestinal Immunity Response
5.1. Imd Signaling Pathway
5.2. Duox–ROS Defense System
5.3. JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway
5.4. Melanization in the Insect Gut
5.5. Intestinal Immunity against Parasitic and Viral Infections
6. Gut Renewal
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Physical Barriers | Immunity Response |
---|---|---|
Diptera: | ||
Drosophila melanogaster | PM [1] Mucus [2] | Imd [3] Toll [4] Duox-ROS [5] JAK/STAT [6] NOX-ROS [7] Melanization [8] |
Bactrocera dorsalis | PM [9] | Imd [10,11] Duox-ROS [12] JAK/STAT [9] |
Anopheles gambiae | PM [13,14] | Imd [15] Duox-ROS [16] JAK/STAT [17] |
Lepidoptera: | ||
Bombyx mori | PM [18] | Imd [19] Duox-ROS [20] JAK/STAT [20] |
Plutella xylostella | PM [21] | Imd [22] Toll [22] JAK/STAT [22] |
Hemiptera: | ||
Acyrthosiphon pisum | PMM [23] | JAK/STAT [24] |
Nilaparvata lugens | PMM [25] | Imd [26] JAK/STAT [26] |
Coleoptera: | ||
Holotrichia oblita | PM [27] | _ |
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus | _ _ | Imd [28] Toll [29] JAK/STAT [30] |
Hymenoptera: | ||
Apis mellifera | PM [31] | Imd [32] Duox-ROS [33] JAK/STAT [34] Melanization [35] |
Bombus muscorum | _ _ | Melanization [36] |
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Zeng, T.; Jaffar, S.; Xu, Y.; Qi, Y. The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315132
Zeng T, Jaffar S, Xu Y, Qi Y. The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315132
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Tian, Saleem Jaffar, Yijuan Xu, and Yixiang Qi. 2022. "The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315132