Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
2.1. Prevalence and Incidence in Taiwan
2.2. Risk Factors
3. Pathophysiology
4. Different Subtypes of Dry Eye Disease
4.1. Lipid Anomaly Dry Eye (LADE)
4.2. Aqueous Tear Deficiency (ATD)
4.3. Allergic and Toxic Dry Eye (ADE)
4.4. Lid Surfacing or Blinking Anomalies (LSADE)
4.5. Marginal Dry Eye
4.6. Cicatricial Condition
5. Treatment and New Therapeutic Agents for DED
5.1. Artificial Tear
5.2. Artificial Solution without/with Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
5.3. Cyclosporine A
5.4. Autologous Serum
5.5. Punctal Plug
5.6. Warm Compression
5.7. Mucin Secretagogue
5.8. Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Steroid and Non-Steroid)
5.9. Other Potential Agents
6. A New Trend for Applying Nanomedicine in DED Treatment
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assessment Tool | Evaluation | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Corneal fluorescein staining | Corneal and conjunctival vital dye staining (fluorescein/rose Bengal) to identify and track ocular-surface changes at the cellular level. | [5] |
Schirmer test | Measurement of tear volume by placing a paper test strip in the lateral third of the lower eyelid after drying the inferior fornix, then measuring the length of the moistened portion of the strip after 5 min. | [9] |
Tear osmolarity | Measurement of solutes of tear film (e.g., TearLab™ osmolarity system) | [10] |
Tear film stability | Fluorescein tear break-up time widely used to assess tear film stability and reflect different pathophysiologies by break-up pattern. | [11,12] |
Tear film interferometry | Assessment of the thickness of the superficial lipid layer that floats upon the tear film and of the fluid layer that covers the anterior surface of contact lenses (to reflect clinical tear dynamics of DED | [13,14] |
Meibomian gland grading | Grading of Meibomian gland dysfunction according to clinical features and gland expression | [15] |
Inflammation examination | Measurement of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) level in the tear film to identify patients with ocular surface inflammation and autoimmune disease (levels >40 ng/mL indicate ocular surface inflammation) | [16,17] |
Questionnaires to check patient’s lifestyle or suffering history | Questionnaires assessing patient’s subjective experience of DED in order to get more objective and reproducible data as reference to diagnosis:, model questionnaire can be acquired from: - National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ25) - Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) - Subject Global Assessment scale - Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness Questionnaire (SPEED) - Canadian Dry Eye Epidemiology Study (CANDEES) - Dry Eye Screening for Dry Eye Epidemiology Projects (DEEP) - Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ) - Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ) - Impact of Dry Eye in Everyday Life (IDEEL) - McCarty Symptom Questionnaire - McMonnies Questionnaire - Ocular Comfort Index (OCI) - Symptom Assessment In Dry Eye (SANDE) - Schein Questionnaire - Texas Eye Research and Technology Center Dry Eye Questionnaire (TERTC-DEQ) | [7,18,19,20] |
Polymer/Material | Drug | Treatment Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Gelatin | MUC5AC protein (pMUC5AC) |
| [191] |
Gelatin, hyaluronic acid (HA) | Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) |
| [207] |
Gelatin-g-Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (GN) | Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) |
| [212] |
Poly (d,l-lactide), Dextran and 3-aminophenylboronic acid monohydrate (PLA-b-Dex-g-PBA) | Cyclosporine A (CsA) |
| [190] |
Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) | CsA |
| [213] |
(ethylene glycol)-poly (lactide) polymer (mPEG-PLA) | CsA |
| [214] |
Methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol), hexyl-substituted poly(lactides) (MPEG-hexPLA) | CsA |
| [215] |
Poly(catechin) capped- gold nanoparticles (Au@Poly-CH NPs) | Amfenac [AF; a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)] |
| [192] |
Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol/gellan gum, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, levocarnitine | Vitamins A and E |
| [216] |
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Kuo, Y.-K.; Lin, I.-C.; Chien, L.-N.; Lin, T.-Y.; How, Y.-T.; Chen, K.-H.; Dusting, G.J.; Tseng, C.-L. Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081227
Kuo Y-K, Lin I-C, Chien L-N, Lin T-Y, How Y-T, Chen K-H, Dusting GJ, Tseng C-L. Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(8):1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081227
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuo, Yu-Kai, I-Chan Lin, Li-Nien Chien, Tzu-Yu Lin, Ying-Ting How, Ko-Hua Chen, Gregory J. Dusting, and Ching-Li Tseng. 2019. "Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081227