Biocomposites Produced from Hardwood Particles by Equal Channel Angular Pressing: Effects of Pre-Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructures
3.2. FT-IR Results: Intermolecular Interactions and Crosslinking
3.3. Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Narayan, R. Biobased and biodegradable polymer materials: Rationale, drivers, and technology exemplars. In Degradable Polymers and Materials; Khemani, K.C., Scholz, C., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2006; Volume 939, pp. 282–306. [Google Scholar]
- Gironi, F.; Piemonte, V. Bioplastics and petroleum-based plastics: Strengths and weaknesses. Energy Sources Part A Recov. Util. Environ. Eff. 2011, 33, 1949–1959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Howell, S.G. A ten year review of plastics recycling. J. Hazard. Mater. 1992, 29, 143–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Isikgor, F.H.; Becer, C.R. Lignocellulosic biomass: A sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym. Chem. 2015, 6, 4497–4559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stokke, D.D.; Wu, Q.; Han, G. Introduction to Wood and Natural Fiber Composites; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Witkowski, A.; Stec, A.A.; Hull, T.R. Thermal decomposition of polymeric materials. In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th ed.; Hurley, M.J., Gottuk, D., Hall, J.R., Harada, K., Kuligowski, E., Puchovsky, M., Torero, J., Watts, J.M., Wieczorek, C., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2016; pp. 167–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rowell, R.M. Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Navi, P.; Sandberg, D. Wood densification and fixation of the compression-set by THM treatment. In Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing; Navi, P., Sandberg, D., Eds.; EPFL Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2012; pp. 193–224. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.; Gao, D.; Wu, X.; Xia, K. Bulk plastic materials obtained from processing raw powders of renewable natural polymers via back pressure equal channel angular consolidation (BP-ECAC). Eur. Polym. J. 2008, 44, 780–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Wu, X.; Gao, D.; Xia, K. Bulk cellulose plastic materials from processing cellulose powder using back pressure-equal channel angular pressing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 87, 2470–2476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Wu, X.; Xia, K. Cellulose-wheat gluten bulk plastic materials produced from processing raw powders by severe shear deformation. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 2206–2211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Wu, X.; Haryono, H.; Xia, K. Natural polymer biocomposites produced from processing raw wood flour by severe shear deformation. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 113, 46–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, Y.; Zhang, X.; Xia, K. High strength biocomposites consolidated from hardwood particles by severe plastic deformation. Cellulose 2019, 26, 1067–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hendriks, A.T.W.M.; Zeeman, G. Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100, 10–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karinkanta, P.; Ämmälä, A.; Illikainen, M.; Niinimäki, J. Fine grinding of wood—Overview from wood breakage to applications. Biomass Bioenergy 2018, 113, 31–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Connor, R.T.; DuPré, E.F.; Mitcham, D. Applications of infrared absorption spectroscopy to investigations of cotton and modified cottons:Part I: Physical and crystalline modifications and oxidation. Text. Res. J. 1958, 28, 382–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nada, A.-A.M.A.; Kamel, S.; El-Sakhawy, M. Thermal behaviour and infrared spectroscopy of cellulose carbamates. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2000, 70, 347–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, S.Y.; Yoo, D.I.; Shin, Y.; Seo, G. FTIR analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. Carbohydr. Res. 2005, 340, 417–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Auxenfans, T.; Crônier, D.; Chabbert, B.; Paës, G. Understanding the structural and chemical changes of plant biomass following steam explosion pretreatment. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2017, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mann, D.G.J.; Labbé, N.; Sykes, R.W.; Gracom, K.; Kline, L.; Swamidoss, I.M.; Burris, J.N.; Davis, M.; Stewart, C.N. Rapid assessment of lignin content and structure in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown under different environmental conditions. Bioenergy Res. 2009, 2, 246–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mosier, N.; Wyman, C.; Dale, B.; Elander, R.; Lee, Y.Y.; Holtzapple, M.; Ladisch, M. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 2005, 96, 673–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez Urreaga, J.; de la Orden, M.U. Modification of cellulose with amino compounds: A fluorescence study. Carbohydr. Polym. 2007, 69, 14–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faris, A.H.; Rahim, A.A.; Ibrahim, M.N.M.; Alkurdi, A.M.; Shah, I. Combination of lignin polyol–tannin adhesives and polyethylenimine for the preparation of green water-resistant adhesives. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geng, X.; Li, K. Investigation of wood adhesives from kraft lignin and polyethylenimine. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2006, 20, 847–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Do, M.D.; Casey, P.; Sulistio, A.; Qiao, G.G.; Lundin, L.; Lillford, P.; Kosaraju, S. Chemical cross-linking gelatin with natural phenolic compounds as studied by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 1125–1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, K.; Geng, X.; Simonsen, J.; Karchesy, J. Novel wood adhesives from condensed tannins and polyethylenimine. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2004, 24, 327–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Composition in wt% | Identification |
---|---|
Alkali treated HW | HW:A |
2h-ball milled HW | HW:M |
Alkali treated + 2h-ball milled HW | HW:(A + M) |
HW/PEI = 90/10 | HW/PEI |
HW/PEI/TA = 86/11/3 | HW/PEI/TA |
Alkali treated HW/PEI = 90/10 | HW/PEI:A |
Alkali treated HW/PEI/TA = 86/11/3 | HW/PEI/TA:A |
2h-ball milled HW/PEI = 90/10 | HW/PEI:M |
2h-ball milled HW/PEI/TA = 86/11/3 | HW/PEI/TA:M |
Alkali treated + 2h-ball milled HW/PEI = 90/10 | HW/PEI:(A + M) |
Alkali treated + 2h-ball milled HW/PEI/TA = 86/11/3 | HW/PEI/TA:(A + M) |
Sample | I1422/I896 LOI | I3400/I1320 HBI | I1504/I1590 CLL |
---|---|---|---|
HW | 1.214 | 2.849 | 0.684 |
HW:A | 1.243 | 3.216 | 0.613 |
HW:M | 0.884 | 3.376 | 0.609 |
HW:(A + M) | 1.010 | 3.747 | 0.603 |
Pre-Treatment | HW/PEI = 90/10 | HW/PEI/TA = 86/11/3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (MPa) | |
No pre-treatment | 15.8 ± 1.7 | 2836 ± 337 | 24.6 ± 2.4 | 3259 ± 358 |
Alkali | 15.2 ± 1.3 | 2371 ± 297 | 17.6 ± 2.5 | 2527 ± 381 |
Ball milling | 19.7 ± 3.3 | 3786 ± 95 | 23.3 ± 2.2 | 3600 ± 247 |
Alkali + Ball milling | 28.1 ± 2.7 | 3625 ± 272 | 29.2 ± 4.0 | 3650 ± 150 |
Pre-Treatment | HW/PEI = 90/10 | HW/PEI/TA = 86/11/3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti (°C) 10 wt% Loss | DTG Peak (°C) | Residue at 600 °C (%) | Ti (°C) 10 wt% Loss | DTG Peak (°C) | Residue at 600 °C (%) | |
No treatment | 255 | 331 | 27.1 | 258 | 334 | 28.0 |
Alkali | 251 | 333 | 25.8 | 258 | 336 | 27.4 |
Ball milling | 255 | 331 | 26.9 | 256 | 334 | 27.9 |
Alkali + Ball milling | 253 | 334 | 26.5 | 255 | 333 | 27.1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bai, Y.; Zhang, X.; Xia, K. Biocomposites Produced from Hardwood Particles by Equal Channel Angular Pressing: Effects of Pre-Treatment. J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040181
Bai Y, Zhang X, Xia K. Biocomposites Produced from Hardwood Particles by Equal Channel Angular Pressing: Effects of Pre-Treatment. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4(4):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040181
Chicago/Turabian StyleBai, Yu, Xiaoqing Zhang, and Kenong Xia. 2020. "Biocomposites Produced from Hardwood Particles by Equal Channel Angular Pressing: Effects of Pre-Treatment" Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040181