Vitamin D Food Fortification and Nutritional Status in Children: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Study Selection and Data Extraction
2.4. Assessment of Risk of Bias
2.5. Data Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Risk of Bias
3.3. Sample Characterization
3.4. Food Fortification and Intervention Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Country | Duration of Study/Season | Group | No. of Children | Age (Years) | Vitamin D Status (n) | BMI for Age Classification ǂ | Skin Phototype (n) § | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deficiency and Insufficiency | Sufficiency | ||||||||
Rich-Edwards et al. [18] | Mongolia | January to March/Winter | Mongolian Milk | 140 | 10.0 ± 1.0 | NA | 1 | Normal weight | NA |
UHT USA Milk | 137 | 5 | |||||||
Control | 101 | 1 | |||||||
Hower et al. [14] | Germany | November to July/Fall to Summer | Intervention | 46 | 3.8 (2.0–6.8) | 21 | 25 | Thickness, normal weight, overweight and obesity | Light skin: 78 ¥ |
Control | 34 | 3.7 (2.0–6.2) | 19 | 15 | Dark skin: 2 ¥ | ||||
Brett et al. [16] | Canada | January to April/Winter to mid-spring | EAR | 27 | 4.9 ± 2.1 | 7 | 20 | Normal weight | Phototype I to III: 43 Phototype IV to VI: 34 |
RDA | 26 | 5.3 ± 2.0 | 4 | 22 | |||||
Control | 24 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 7 | 17 | |||||
Ohlund et al. [19] | Sweden | November to March/Fall to Winter | 10 µg | 80 | 6.3 (6.2;6.7) | NA | 47 | Normal weight, overweight and obesity | Phototype I to IV: 108 Phototype V to VI: 98 |
25 µg | 86 | 6.3 (6.2;6.4) | 54 | ||||||
Control | 40 | 6.3 (6.1;6.5) | 20 | ||||||
Brett et al. [17] | Canada | October to March/Fall to Winter | Intervention | 26 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 2 | 24 | Normal weight | Phototype I to III: 34 Phototype IV to VI: 17 |
Control | 25 | 5.4 ± 2.0 | 2 | 23 |
Author | Duration of Study (Months) | Group | Food/Portion Size | Vitamin D Content in Food | Total Vitamin D (IU/Day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rich-Edwards et al. [18] | 1.6 | Mongolian milk | Mongolian milk/710 mL | 100 IU/236 mL | 300 |
UHT USA milk | UHT USA milk/710 mL | 100 IU/236 mL | 300 | ||
Control | Non-fortified milk/710 mL | NA | NA | ||
Hower et al. [14] | 9 | Intervention | Fortified milk /350 mL | 114 IU/100 mL | 400 |
Control | Non-fortified milk /350 mL | 1.2 IU/100 mL | 4.2 | ||
Brett et al. [16] | 3 | EAR | Yogurt/186 mL | 42 IU/ 93 mL | 400 ¥ |
Cheddar cheese /21 g | 200 IU/21 g | ||||
RDA | Yogurt/186 mL | 125 IU/93 mL | 600 ¥ | ||
Cheddar cheese/21 g | 200 IU/21 g | ||||
Control | Non-fortified yogurt/186 mL | 15 IU/93 mL | 140–195 ¥ | ||
Non-fortified cheddar cheese/21 g | NA | ||||
Ohlund et al. [19] | 3 | 10 µg | UHT milk/200 mL | 480 IU/200 g | 480 |
25 µg | UHT milk/ 200 mL | 880 IU/200 g | 880 | ||
Control | Non-fortified UHT milk/200 mL | 80 IU/200 mL | 80 | ||
Brett et al. [17] | 6 | Intervention | Yogurt/186 mL Cheddar cheese/33g | Yogurt: 150 IU/93 mL Cheddar cheese: 300 IU/33 g | 400 ¥ |
Control | Non-fortified yogurt/186 mL Non-fortified cheddar cheese/33 g | NA | 140–195 ¥ |
Author | Methods of Vitamin D Assessment | Group | 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | Δ Change (nmol/L) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | End Point | ||||||
Rich-Edwards et al. [18] | LC-MS/MS | Mongolian milk | 20.0 ± 10.0 a | 50.0 ± 15.0 b,# | 30.0 ± 13.2 | ||
UHT USA milk | 25.0 ± 12.5 a | 72.4 ± 25.0 b,# | 47.4 ± 21.7 | ||||
Control | 20.0 ± 10.0 a | 20.0 ± 10.0 a | 0 ± 10.0 | ||||
Hower et al. [14] | CLIA | Intervention | 53.7 ± 20.6 a | After winter 62.0 ± 25.8 b,# | Summer 69.0 ± 13.6 b | After winter 8.3 ± 23.6 | Summer 15.3 ± 18.1 |
Control | 46.0 ± 21.2 a | After winter 34.0 ± 18.6 b | Summer 68.5 ± 13.0 c | After winter −12.0 ± 20.0 | Summer 22.5 ± 18.5 | ||
Brett et al. [16] | CLIA | EAR | 59.7 ± 13.0 a | 64.2 ± 9.7 b,# | 4.5 ± 11.7 | ||
RDA | 60.9 ± 10.1 a | 64.1 ± 11.8 b,# | 3.2 ± 11.0 | ||||
Control | 58.6 ± 14.5 a | 56.1 ± 11.9 a | −2.5 ± 13.4 | ||||
Ohlund et al. [19] | LC-MS/MS | 10 µg | 56.0 ± 18.3 a | 69.0 ± 9.1 b,# | 13.0 ± 15.8 | ||
25 µg | 58.0 ± 21.3 a | 82.0 ± 14.2 b,# | 24.0 ± 18.8 | ||||
Control | 49.0 ± 19.4 a | 50.0 ± 14.5 a | 1.0 ± 17.5 | ||||
Brett et al. [17] | HPLC | Intervention | 65.3 ± 12.2 a | 3 months 64.7 ± 12.2 a,# | 6 months 58.4 ± 8.7 b | 3 months −0.6 ± 12.2 | 6 months −6.9 ± 10.9 |
Control | 67.5 ± 15.1 a | 3 months 58.3 ± 15.3 b | 6 months 56.6 ± 13.9 b | 3 months −9.2 ± 15.2 | 6 months −10.9 ± 14.5 |
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Brandão-Lima, P.N.; Santos, B.d.C.; Aguilera, C.M.; Freire, A.R.S.; Martins-Filho, P.R.S.; Pires, L.V. Vitamin D Food Fortification and Nutritional Status in Children: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112766
Brandão-Lima PN, Santos BdC, Aguilera CM, Freire ARS, Martins-Filho PRS, Pires LV. Vitamin D Food Fortification and Nutritional Status in Children: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112766
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrandão-Lima, Paula Nascimento, Beatriz da Cruz Santos, Concepción Maria Aguilera, Analícia Rocha Santos Freire, Paulo Ricardo Saquete Martins-Filho, and Liliane Viana Pires. 2019. "Vitamin D Food Fortification and Nutritional Status in Children: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112766