Abstract
In Experiment 1 subjects studied a mixed list of pictures and words and then received either a free recall test or a word fragment completion test (e.g.,_yr_mi_forpyramid) on which some fragments corresponded to previously studied items. Free recall of pictures was better than that of words. However, words produced greater priming than did pictures on the fragment completion test, although a small amount of picture priming did occur. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the picture priming was not due to implicit naming of the pictures during study. In Experiment 4 subjects studied words and pictures and received either the word fragment completion test or a picture fragment identification test in which they had to name degraded pictures. Greater priming was obtained with words in word fragment completion, but greater priming was obtained with pictures on the picture identification test. We conclude that (1) the type of retrieval query determines whether pictures or words will exhibit superior retention, and (2)our results conform to the principle of transfer appropriate processing by which performance on transfer or retention tests benefits to the extent that the tests recapitulate operations used during learning.
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This research was supported by NIH Grant R01 HD15054 awarded by the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, and was presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association meeting in Chicago in May 1986. The first two experiments constituted a master’s thesis submitted to Purdue University by the first author.
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Weldon, M.S., Roediger, H.L. Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition 15, 269–280 (1987). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197030
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197030