Abstract
Video recordings of 11 rats were digitized at five frames per second, and parameters describing the shape and the position of the rat were calculated. The behavior displayed by the rats was observed by an experienced observer. Separate neural networks were trained and validated, using the data for each individual rat. The neural networks correctly classified an average of 76.53% of the frames in the validation set and 98.18% of the frames in the training set. A single neural network was trained with 6 rats and validated with 5 rats. The neural network correctly classified 63.74% of the frames in the validation set and 82.85% of the frames in the training set.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arakawa, O., &Ikeda, T. (1991). Apomorphine effect on single and paired rat open-field behavior.Physiology & Behavior,50, 189–194.
Bonatz, A. E., Steiner, H., &Huston, J. P. (1995). Video image analysis of behavior by microcomputer: Categorization of turning and locomotion after 6-OHDA injection into the substantia nigra.Journal of Neuroscience Methods,22, 13–26.
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales.Educational & Psychological Measurement,20, 37–46.
Cools, A. R., Ellenbroek, B. A., Gingras, M. A., Engbersen, A., &Heeren, D. (1997). Differences in vulnerability and susceptibility to dexamphetamine in Nijmegen high and low responders to novelty: A dose-effect analysis of spatio-temporal programming of behaviour.Psychopharmacology,132, 181–187.
Dai, H., &Carey, R. J. (1994). A new method to quantify behavioral attention to a stimulus object in a modified open-field.Journal of Neuroscience Methods,53, 29–34.
Dash, M., &Liu, H. (1997). Feature selection for classification.Intelligent Data Analysis,1, 131–156.
Delbarre, B., Dumas, G., &Guionniere, M. (1970). An automated open field method.Psychopharmacologia,18, 227–230.
Forbes, A. D. (1995). Classification-algorithm evaluation: Five performance measures based on confusion matrices.Journal of Clinical Monitoring,11, 189–206.
Gallagher, M., Burwell, R., &Burchinal, M. R. (1993). Severity of spatial learning impairment in aging: Development of a learning index for performance in the Morris water maze.Behavioral Neuroscience,107, 618–626.
Gapenne, O., Simon, P., &Lannou, J. (1990). A simple method for recording the path of a rat in an open field.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,22, 443–448.
Geisler, H. C., Westerga, J., &Gramsbergen, A. (1993). Development of posture in the rat.Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis,53, 517–523.
Ghazanfari, A., Kusalik, A., &Irudayaraj, J. (1997). Application of a multi-structure neural network (MSNN) to sorting pistachio nuts.International Journal of Neural Systems,8, 55–61.
Gonzalez, L. P., &Arnaldo, C. M. (1993). Classification of drug-induced behaviors using a multi-layer feed-forward neural network.Computer Methods & Programs in Biomedicine,40, 167–173.
Grant, E. C., &Mackintosh, J. H. (1963). A description of the social postures of some laboratory rodents.Behaviour,21, 246–259.
Kao, S. D., Shaw, F. Z., Young, M. S., &Jan, G. J. (1995). A new automated method for detection and recording of animal moving path.Journal of Neuroscience Methods,63, 205–209.
Kernan, W. J., Jr.,Mullenix, P. J., &Hopper, D. L. (1988). Pattern recognition of rat behavior.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,27, 559–564.
Makanjuola, R. O., Hill, G., Maben, I., Dow, R. C., &Ashcroft, G. W. (1977). An automated method for studying exploratory and stereotyped behaviour in rats.Psychopharmacology,52, 271–277.
Marsden, C. A., &King, B. (1979). The use of Doppler shift radar to monitor physiological and drug induced activity patterns in the rat.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,10, 631–635.
Masters, T. (1994).Signal and image processing with neural networks: A C++ sourcebook (1st ed.). New York: Wiley.
Moser, V. C., Becking, G. C., MacPhail, R. C., &Kulig, B. M. (1997). The IPCS collaborative study on neurobehavioral screening methods.Fundamental Applied Toxicology,35, 143–151.
Reby, D., Lek, S., Dimopoulos, I., Joachim, J., Lauga, J., &Aulagnier, S. (1997). Artificial neural networks as a classification method in the behavioural sciences.Behavioural Processes,40, 35–43.
Renner, M. J., &Seltzer, C. P. (1991). Molar characteristics of exploratory and investigatory behavior in the rat (Rattus norvegicus).Journal of Comparative Psychology,105, 326–339.
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., &Williams, R. J. (1986). Learning representations by back-propagating errors.Nature,323, 533–536.
Sams-Dodd, F. (1995). Automation of the social interaction test by a video-tracking system: Behavioural effects of repeated phencyclidine treatment.Journal of Neuroscience Methods,59, 157–167.
Schlingmann, F., van de Weerd, H. A., Baumans, V., Remie, R., &van Zutphen, L. F. M. (1998). A balance device for the analysis of behavioural patterns of the mouse.Animal Welfare,7, 177–188.
Shao, J., Xin, H., &Harmon, J. D. (1997). Neural network analysis of postural behavior of young swine to determine their thermal comfort state.Transactions of the ASAE,40, 755–760.
Simon, B. P., &Eswaran, C. (1997). An ECG classifier designed using modified decision based neural networks.Computers Biomedical Research,30, 257–272.
Spruijt, B. M., &Gispen, W. H. (1983). Prolonged animal observation by use of digitized videodisplays.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,19, 765–769.
Spruijt, B. M., Hol, T., &Rousseau, J. (1992). Approach, avoidance, and contact behavior of individually recognized animals automatically quantified with an imaging technique.Physiology & Behavior,51, 747–752.
Stoff, D. M., Stauderman, K., &Wyatt, R. J. (1983). The time and space machine: Continuous measurement of drug-induced behavior patterns in the rat.Psychopharmacology,80, 319–324.
Timmermans, P. J. A. (1978).Social behaviour in the rat. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Tomkins, P. T., &O’Donovan, D. J. (1981). A fully automated open-field apparatus incorporating rearing detection.Physiology & Behavior,26, 741–746.
Van Abeelen, J. H. F. (1963). Mouse mutants studied by means of ethological methods: I. Ethogram.Genetica,34, 79–94.
Wolfer, D. P., &Lipp, H. P. (1992). A new computer program for detailed off-line analysis of swimming navigation in the Morris water maze.Journal of Neuroscience Methods,41, 65–74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by Eureka Grant EU88011. The authors thank all the participants in the Eureka project who participated over the past years for their valuable discussions on rat behavior and behavior registration.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rousseau, J.B.I., Van Lochem, P.B.A., Gispen, W.H. et al. Classification of rat behavior with an image-processing method and a neural network. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 32, 63–71 (2000). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200789
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200789